1. Wrong installation of
window frame
Wrong installation of
window frame

2. Corrosion of
reinforcement
Corrosion of
reinforcement

3. Construction defects

4. Poor workmanship
Poor workmanship

5. Wrong placement of structural members

6. with ‘through’ and ‘corner’ stones (very good construction)
Stacked stone wall
(poor construction)
Figure 9.19 Stacked stone wall
(poor construction)
Figure 9.20: Interlocking stone wall
with ‘through’ and ‘corner’ stones
(very good construction)
with ‘through’ and ‘corner’ stones
(very good construction)

7. Interlocking stone wall with "through' stones

8. Galvanized chicken wire mesh
(double layer) at corner and T-junction at
window sill level
Galvanized chicken wire mesh
(double layer) at corner and T-junction at
window sill level

9. Method of filling micro-concrete around vertical bars in masonry.

10. Method of filling micro-concrete around vertical bars in masonry

12. Seismic band at Plinth or Lintel level in stone walls

13. 1 ½ X 1 ½ Brick column
Figure 9.25 c: 1 ½ X 1 ½ Brick column Figure 9.25 d: 2 X 2 Brick column

14. 2 X 2 Brick column

15. Bonding in brick walls and column forming pocket for vertical bar

16. Bonding in brick walls and column forming pocket for vertical bar