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Protostome Animals
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Chapter 31 Opening Roadmap.
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The largest phylum on Earth!
Figure 31.1 Major protostome bilaterian phyla Major deuterostome bilaterian phyla The largest phylum on Earth! Arthropoda Chelicerates Nematoda Crustaceans Myriapods Mollusca Insects 80K species Over 1 Million insect species! Platyhelminthes Annelida Chordata Figure 31.1 The Relative Diversity of Animal Lineages. Echinodermata Cnidaria Porifera Other invertebrates © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The bilaterian protostomes are divided into two major groups.
Figure 31.2 Porifera Ctenophora ANIMALS Cnidaria LOPHOTROCHOZOA Rotifera Platyhelminthes Annelida PROTOSTOMES Mollusca ECDYSOZOA Nematoda Tardigrada BILATERIANS Onychophora Arthropoda Echinodermata Chordata DEUTEROSTOMES The bilaterian protostomes are divided into two major groups. Figure 31.2 Protostomes Are a Monophylatic Group Comprising Two Major Lineages. © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The lophophore is a suspension feeding structure around the mouth.
Table 31.1 The lophophore is a suspension feeding structure around the mouth. Lophotrocho-zoans are 13 phyla, of which these four are well known. The trochophore is a larval stage with a ring of cilia. Table 31.1 Key Lineages of Lophotrochozoans. © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
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These structures name the Lophotrochozoans:
Figure 31.4 These structures name the Lophotrochozoans: (a) Lophophores function in suspension feeding in adults. (b) Trochophore larvae swim and may feed. Food particles Food particles Water current Anus Mouth surrounded by the lophophore (ring of ciliated tentacles) Mouth Cilia used in locomotion and feeding Figure 31.4 Lophotrochozoans Are Named after Two Traits. Anus Gut 0.1 mm 0.1 mm © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
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What Is a Lophotrochozoan?
Many lophotrochozoan phyla include species that have long, thin, tubelike bodies that lack limbs; they are worms with a basic tube-within-a-tube design The outside tube is the skin, which is derived from ectoderm The inside tube is the gut, which is derived from endoderm Muscles and organs derived from mesoderm are located between the two tubes Worms may or may not have a coelom
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Platyhelminthes—flatworms
Figure 31.6 Platyhelminthes—flatworms (a) Free-living turbellarian Eye spots Gut Pharynx Mouth 0.5 mm Male Female (b) Parasitic fluke Figure 31.6 Wormlike Lophotrochozoans Are Diverse. In planarians, the pharynx is both mouth and anus; the digestive system is a “blind pouch” © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Annelida—segmented worms
Figure 31.6 Annelida—segmented worms (c) Marine polychaete 1 cm Bristle-like chaetae on parapodia (d) Terrestrial earthworm oligochaete Earthworms have small setae that provide friction for pushing and pulling body sections through moist soil. Figure 31.6 Wormlike Lophotrochozoans Are Diverse. Leeches (not shown) are also annelids © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
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What Is a Mollusk? Mollusks are a highly diverse monophyletic group of lophotrochozoans Characteristic body plan: Foot—a large muscle located at base of the animal, used in movement Visceral mass—the region containing most of the main internal organs and external gill Mantle—outgrowth of the body wall that covers the visceral mass, forming an enclosure called the mantle cavity
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Molluscs are a diverse group of lophotrochozoans
Figure 31.7 Molluscs are a diverse group of lophotrochozoans Shell (when present) Mantle cavity Radula Gill Muscular foot Visceral mass (internal organs and external gill) (secretes shell) Figure 31.7 Mollusks Have a Distinct Body Plan. Molluscs radiated into several lineages: Chitons (mollusks with dorsal shells made of plates) Bivalves (clams and mussels with two shells) Gastropods (slugs and snails—no shell, one spiral shell) Cephalopods (squid and octopuses) © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Table 31.2 Key Lineages of Mollusks.
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Stripes are waves of muscle contraction Figure 31.8
Figure 31.8 How Snails Walk on One Foot. © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
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50 µm Rasp-like radula scrapes off pieces of food Figure 31.9
Figure 31.9 The Radula Is Unique to Mollusks. © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
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mantle fills with water
Figure 31.10 Cavity enclosed by mantle fills with water Water is forced out through siphon; animal moves Figure Jet Propulsion in Mollusks. © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The bilaterian protostomes are divided into two major groups.
Figure 31.2 Porifera Ctenophora ANIMALS Cnidaria LOPHOTROCHOZOA Rotifera Platyhelminthes Annelida PROTOSTOMES Mollusca ECDYSOZOA Nematoda Tardigrada BILATERIANS Onychophora Arthropoda Echinodermata Chordata DEUTEROSTOMES The bilaterian protostomes are divided into two major groups. Figure 31.2 Protostomes Are a Monophylatic Group Comprising Two Major Lineages. © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
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(a) Lophotrochozoans grow incrementally. (b) Ecdysozoans grow
Figure 31.11 (a) Lophotrochozoans grow incrementally. (b) Ecdysozoans grow by molting. Figure Lophotrochozoans and Ecdysozoans Differ in Their Mechanism of Growth. Growth bands © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Table 31.3 Key Lineages of Mollusks.
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Table Table Key Lineages of Arthropods (Traditional Groupings, Separating Insects from Crustaceans) © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Table Table Key Lineages of Arthropods (Traditional Groupings, Separating Insects from Crustaceans) © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Major segments Minor segments
Figure 31.12 (a) Insects have three tagmata. Tagmata Major segments Head Thorax Abdomen Note: all legs and wings attach to thorax Jointed limbs Minor segments Segmented body Exoskeleton (covers body) (b) Spiders have two tagmata. Tagmata Abdomen Figure Arthropods Have a Specialized Body Plan. Cephalothorax Chelicerae Pedipalp © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Table Table Key Lineages of Arthropods (Traditional Groupings, Separating Insects from Crustaceans) © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Appendages on different segments have different…
Figure 31.13 Appendages on different segments have different… Primary functions: Sensory Feeding Defense Walking Swimming A crayfish is a decapod crustacean Figure Arthropods Have a Modular Body Plan. © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
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There are three major classes of arthropods.
Figure 31.15 ONYCHOPHORA CRUSTACEA There are three major classes of arthropods. Crabs Lobsters Shrimp Isopods Copepods Two pairs of antennae Barnacles Recent data indicate insects are nested within the clade of crustaceans Brine shrimp Remipedes Loss of one pair of antennae Insects MYRIAPODA Centipedes Millipedes ARTHROPODA Single pair of antennae Figure Phylogeny of the Major Groups of Arthropods. CHELICERATA Sea spiders Mites Chelicerae and pedipalps Ticks Horseshoe crabs Scorpions Spiders © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
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(a) Aphid: Incomplete metamorphosis (hemimetabolous metamorphosis)
Figure 31.16a (a) Aphid: Incomplete metamorphosis (hemimetabolous metamorphosis) Nymphs Figure 31.16a Insect Metamorphosis Can Be Incomplete or Complete. Nymphs look like smaller versions of adults and eat the same foods. © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Complete metamorphosis is 10 times more common among insects!
Figure 31.16b (b) Mosquito: Complete metamorphosis (holometabolous metamorphosis) Adult Pupae Larvae Larvae look substantially different from adults and eat different foods. © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 31.16b Insect Metamorphosis Can Be Incomplete or Complete. Complete metamorphosis is 10 times more common among insects!
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