1. TYPES OF MUTATIONS

2. What is mutations
The sudden, heritage changes in the genetic material are called mutaions.
Mutaions also refers both to the change in the genetic material and to the process by which the change occurs.

3. causes of mutations
Spontaneous mutation are those that occur without a known cause.
Spontaneous mutations on the molecular level can be caused by…
Tautomerism
Deamination
Slipped strand mispairing
Depurination

4. Induced mutaion are those resulting from exposure to mutagenic agents.
Induced mutation on the molecular level can be caused by..
CHEMICALS..
1.Hydroxylamine
2.Base analog ,for e.g Bromodeoxyuridine:These agents can mutate the DNA only when the analog is incoporated in replicating the DNA.
3.Alylating agents, for e.g ethyl methyl sulphonate: These agents can mutate both replicating and non replicating DNA.
4.DNA intercalating agents for e.g ethidium bromide
5.DNA crosslinkers
6.Oxidative damage

5. 1.Ultravoilet light 2.X rays
RADIATIONS
1.Ultravoilet light
2.X rays

6. Classification of mutation type
Point mutations: can define as single nucleotide base change
.caused by chemicals or malfuction of DNA replication.

7. Subsitution mutation: is a mutation that exchange one base for another.
For e.g: sickle cell anemia

8. Insertion
Insertions are mutations in which extra base pairs are inserted into a new place in the DNA.

9. Deleation are mutations in which a section of DNA is lost,or deleated.

10. Frameshift
Since protein coding DNA is divided into codons three base long, insertion and deleations can alter gene so that its message is no longer correctly passed.These changes are called frameshift.

11. Back mutations
A reversal process whereby a gene or other nucleotide sequence that has undergone mutation returns to its previous state.

12. Suppressor mutation Overcome the effect of the first mutation
The second mutation is within the same gene, the change may me called a second site reversion or intergenic suppression.

14. Thank you