1. Present Perfect Tense FORM S + HAS/HAVE + V3/Ved
SIGN The Present Perfect tense usually gets together with “just, recently, for, several times, ever, never, already, …”
USES The Present Perfect tense is used:
- For recent actions when the time is not mentioned.
EX: I have read the instructions but I don’t understand them.

2. - With “just” for a recently completed action.
EX: He has just gone out.
- For recent actions whose results are still in the present.
EX: Tom has had a bad accident.
- For an action occurring in an incomplete period. The incomplete period may be indicated by “today/this morning/this week/this month, …”
EX: Tom has rung up three times this morning.

3. - For an action beginning in the past and continuing up to the present.
EX: I have learned English for over five years.
- For an action finishing at the time of speaking.
EX: Hi Tom! I haven’t seen you for ages.

4. - With “FOR” and “SINCE”.
+ “For” is used with a period of time. + “Since” is used for a point in time.
EX1: We have lived in London for ten years.
EX2: We’ve been friends since schooldays.
- In “Since + Clause”.
EX: I’ve worked here since I left school.

5. - In the patterns as follows: Pattern 1:
It + is + period of time + Since + Simple Past / Present Perfect
EX1: It is three years since I last saw Tom.
(I saw Tom three years ago)
EX2: It is three years since I have seen Tom.
(I haven’t seen Tom for three years)

6. - Pattern 2:
S + is + superlative/ordinal number/only + Noun + (that) + Present Perfect
EX1: It is the best wine I have ever drunk.
EX2: This is the first time I have been here.
EX3: This is the only book I have written.