1. BY: DR.YUNI KILAWATI, S.Pi.,M.Si
Insecta
BY: DR.YUNI KILAWATI, S.Pi.,M.Si

2. Subphylum Uniramia Class Insecta Order Ephemeroptera (mayflies)
Order Plecoptera (stoneflies)
Order Odonata (dragon/damselflies)
Order Trichoptera (caddisflies)
Order Megaloptera (alderflies)
Order Hemiptera (true bugs)
Order Coleoptera (beetles)
Order Neuroptera (net-winged)
Order Lepidoptera (Butterflies)
Order Diptera (flies and midges)
Order Collembola (spring tails)

3. 1.Order Ephemeroptera (mayflies)

4. 2.Order Plecoptera (stoneflies)

5. 3.Order Odonata (dragon/damselflies)

6. 4.Order Trichoptera (caddisflies)

7. 5.Order Megaloptera (alderflies)

8. 6.Order Hemiptera (true bugs)

9. 7.Order Coleoptera (beetles)

10. 8.Order Neuroptera (net-winged insects)

11. 9.Order Lepidoptera (Butterflies)

12. 10.Order Diptera (flies and midges)

13. 11.Order Collembola (spring tails)

14. Insects
There are more kinds of insects than there are all other animal species all together
There are could be 300 million times as many insects as humans on earth.
Insects have a body that is divided into 3 parts (head, thorax and abdomen

15. External Anatomy
Adult insects are known for having three major body regions, six legs, one pair of antennae and usually two pair of wings as adults.
head
thorax
abdomen

16. 3 distinct regions:
head: sensory perception, neural integration, food gathering.
Thorax: locomotion
Abdomen: houses visceral organs (digestive, excretory, reproductive systems)

17. Head Important external features:
1) Antennae -- contain chemical, olfactory, tactile, and auditory receptors. Can also sense vibrations.
2) Compound eyes (vision/movement/color) and dorsal ocelli (light detection). Many insects perceive ultraviolet, blue-green and red wavelengths.
3) Specialized mouth parts – food gathering, defense.

18. Head: Mouthparts 2 general types:
1) mandibulate: specialized for biting off and chewing food (most nymphs)
2) haustellate: specially adapted for piercing and sucking (e.g. mosquitoes and dipterans).

19. Two Examples of Mouthparts
chewing
piercing/sucking
Insect mouthparts are also highly modified for the
insect. Chewing, biting, or sucking, are a few examples. Mouthparts of an immature insect may differ from those of the same insect in its adult stage.

20. Antennae Antennae are used by insects as major sensory
beetle
butterfly
fly
ant
termite
June beetle
Antennae are used by insects as major sensory
devices, especially for smell, and can be adaptive for the insect in many ways.

21. Thorax Legs: Composed of 3 segments: 1) anterior – prothorax
2) middle – mesothorax
3) posterior -- metathroax
Legs:

22. Abdomen --Generally composed of 11 ‘metameres’
--Each metamere composed of:
dorsally – sclerite (tergum)
ventrally – sclerite (sternum)
laterally – membranous (pleuron)
--Genitalia located on 8-9 segment

23. Digestive system foregut midgut hindgut Mouth Pharynx Esophogus
Crop (stores food)
Gizzard (denticles help macerate food)
Stomach
Pyloric valve
Pylorus
Intestine (water reabsorption)
rectum
foregut
midgut
hindgut

25. Circulatory System Open circulatory system:
a) Capillaries are absent. Blood flows through hemocoelic spaces (bathes internal organs)
b) Insect blood is relatively clear and contains hemocytes (analogous to WBC/ white blood cell ).

26. Excretory System
--Malpighian tubules (2-150): distal ends free in hemocoel.
-- Uric acid in hemolymph combines with potasium bicarbonate to form potassium acid urate.
-- PAU taken up by Malpighian tubules, reabsorb Potassium bicarb. – and excrete crystalline uric acid as a dry pellet.

27. Sistem pernapasan terdiri dari kantung udara dan tabung yang disebut tracheae.
Udara masuk ke tabung melalui serangkaian bukaan yang disebut spirakel yang ditemukan sepanjang sisi tubuh. 
spirakel terbesar biasanya ditemukan pada otot-otot dada di mana lebih besar dari sayap dan kaki membutuhkan lebih banyak oksigen. 
spirakel tida tdp di kepala.

28. tracheal
tubes
spiracles
Respiratory
System

29. Insect Structure * Insects have 6 legs connected to the chest part.
* Some insects legs are all the same size. Some insects have one pair of legs larger than the other two pairs.
* A grasshopper has one pair of legs larger than the other two pairs. These larger legs are used for jumping.
Longer back legs

30. Insect Growth and Development
* Insects eat a lot, so they grow very fast. As they grow, insects may molt and grow new exoskeletons, or they may change completely.
* A huge change in appearance is called metamorphosis.
* There are two kinds of metamorphosis:
______________ and ______________.
complete
incomplete

31. Life Cycles metamorphosis metamorphosis
The many diverse orders of insects have four different types of life cycles. These life cycles are called "metamorphosis" because of the changes of shape that the insects undergo during development.

32. Without Metamorphosis
egg
nymphs
adult
Without meta
The first type is "without" metamorphosis which the wingless primitive orders such as silverfish (Thysanura) and springtails (Collembola) possess. The young resemble adults except for size.

33. Incomplete Metamorphosis
egg
naiads
adult
Incomplete meta
The second type is "incomplete" metamorphosis
which is found among the aquatic insect orders such as mayflies (Ephemeroptera) and dragonflies (Odonata).

34. Gradual Metamorphosis
The third type is "gradual" metamorphosis seen in such orders as the grasshoppers (Orthoptera), termites (Isoptera), thrips (Thysanoptera), and true bugs (Hemiptera). This life cycle starts as an egg, but each growth, or nymphal stage looks similar, except it lacks wings and the reproductive capacity that the adult possesses.
Gradual meta
nymphs
egg
adult

35. Complete Metamorphosis
The fourth type is "complete" metamorphosis found in butterflies (Lepidoptera), beetles (Coleoptera), flies (Diptera), and bees, wasps, and ants (Hymenoptera). This life cycle has the four stages of egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Each stage is quite distinct.
egg
larvae
pupa
adult

36. Metamorphosis -Subclass Apterygota (ametamorphic)
- Subclass Pterygota (2 jenis metamorfosis)
Exopterygotes 
- sayap  eksternal berkembang  pada tahap akhir nimfa 
- Mengalami metamorfosis sederhana atau tidak lengkap disebut hemimetabolous. - (mis. odonata, Hemiptera)
Endoterygotes 
- sayap  internal berkembang selama tahap larva)
- m'alami metamorfosis lengkap disebut holometabolous. (mis. Coleoptera, trichoptera, Diptera)

37. Metamorphosis
1) Hemimetabolous life cycle: includes 3 developmental stages– egg, nymph and adult. Most larva (except Plecoptera) do not resemble adults.
Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Odonata (dragonflies) Orthoptera (grasshoppers) Isoptera (termites) Dermaptera (earwigs) Psocoptera (booklice & barklice) Mallophaga (chewing lice) Anoplura (sucking lice) *Thysanoptera (thrips) Hemiptera (true bugs) Homoptera (cicadas, aphids, etc.)

38. 2) Holometabolous life cycle: includes 4 developmental stages– egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Larva do not resemble adults.
Coleoptera (beetles) Lepidoptera (butterflies & moths) Diptera (flies) Hymenoptera (ants, wasps, bees) Siphonaptera (fleas) Strepsiptera (twist-winged parasites) Mecoptera (scorpionflies) Tricoptera (caddisflies) Neuroptera (antlions, lacewings) *Thysanoptera (thrips)

39. 3) Ametabolous life cycle A growth stage of certain insects characterized by an increase in size without distinct external changes.
silverfish, firebrats, and springtails

40. Metamorphosis

41. Complete Metamorphosis
* In complete metamorphosis, insects like butterflies and moths have 4 stages of development.
* The first stage makes an egg.
* During the second stage, the egg hatches and a larva comes out.
* A caterpillar is the larva of an insect that will become a butterfly or a moth.

42. Complete Metamorphosis
* During the third stage, a pupa is made.
* A pupa is sometimes wrapped in a cocoon or in a Chrysalis.
* A cocoon is the pupa of a silk. A cocoon is made of moth.
* A chrysalis is the pupa of a buterfly.
* In the last stage, the insect is finally an adult.

43. From Caterpillar to Butterfly
Larva
Pupa
Chrysalis
Emerging butterfly
Monarch butterfly

44. Metamorphosis Comparison
Complete
Incomplete
* Occurs in four stages
* Young insect looks
like the adult
egg
larva
pupa
adult
* Insect grows bigger
and bigger
* Insect's appearance
changes completely
* As the insect grows,
it sheds its exoskeleton
* Young insect looks
nothing like the adult
* Occurs in butterflies
and moths

45. Incomplete Metamorphosis
* Incomplete metamorphosis happens in grasshoppers, termites, and dragonflies.
* In incomplete metamorphosis, young animals that look like the adult hatch from eggs.
* As the young animals grow, they keep molting, shedding their exoskeletons, and getting larger.

46. Insect Behavior * These insects live in colonies or hives.
* Most insects live alone. But, some insects are social and cannot survive alone.
* These insects live in colonies or hives.
* A colony is a group of insects living together. The insect do differents job and are very organized

47. Insect Behavior * An amazing example of a colony is a beehive.
* A beehive is very organized colonies of bees.

48. * All insects must protect themselves.
Insects' Defense
* All insects must protect themselves.
* Bees and wasps have stingers to protect themselves.
* Many other insects use camouflage.
* Camouflage allows an insect to hide by blending in with their environment

49. Aquatic Insects 5 have larvae that are almost entirely aquatic
10 aquatic orders:
5 have larvae that are almost entirely aquatic
Ephemeroptera
Odonata
Plecoptera
Trichoptera
Megaloptera
5 are partially aquatic
Heteroptera
Coleoptera
Diptera
Lepidoptera
Neuroptera

50. Thanks

51. Structured Task Buat paper tentang aquatic Insects
Berdasarkan literatur yang diakui (teks book, jurnal atau review)
Dilengkapi dengan gambar
Perorangan minimal 5 lembar
Dikirim ke maksimal 1 minggu