1. 11 Forestry and Resource Management
CHAPTER 11
Placeholder opening page, but maybe we can duplicate the look of the SE chapter opener page by using the same fonts and colors (and maybe that Ch 14 icon?) 1

2. Lesson 11.1 Resource Management
Overfishing has reduced populations of North Atlantic cod, an economically important fish, by 60% over the last 40 years. 2

3. Renewable Resource Management
Lesson 11.1 Resource Management
Renewable Resource Management
Resources are either renewable, (soil, water, or timber) or nonrenewable (fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas)
Did You Know? More than 8 million hectares of forest were lost between and 2005. 3

4. Activity
The World Ocean is a commons that all nations must share…no country owns the ocean and the contents in it.
You are going to pretend to be a commercial fishermen.
Your goal is to catch more fish then anyone else.
The person that makes the most money will WIN!!!
Each fish =$10

5. Tragedy of the Commons
Was first described by biologist Garrett Hardin in 1968.
Describes how shared resources are overused and eventually depleted.
Video
Examples:
Grand Banks Fisheries
Bluefin Tuna
Passenger Pigeons
Ocean garbage gyres
Earth’s atmosphere
Gulf of Mexico Dead zone
Traffic congestion
Groundwater in Los Angeles
Unregulated logging
Population growth

6. Sustainability is the Only Answer!!!
Goal is sustainability— resource use that occurs only as fast as can be naturally replaced.
Must balance human and ecological needs
Human needs: food, timber, water, medicine
Ecological needs: maintain biodiversity, soil health, water quality

7. Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY)
Lesson 11.1 Resource Management
Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY)
Goal: To harvest maximum resources without compromising future harvests
Population sizes are kept far below carrying capacity, enabling fast growth.
MSY can affect interactions between species and alter entire ecosystems.
Determining target population size is largely a matter of trial and error. 7

8. Ecosystem-Based Forest Management
Lesson 11.1 Resource Management
Ecosystem-Based Forest Management
Goal: To harvest resources while minimizing effects on the rest of the ecosystem
Ecologically sensitive areas are carefully monitored and protected; resources are harvested selectively.
Ecosystems are complex, so choosing which areas to protect and which to harvest is a challenge. 8

9. Adaptive Forest Management
Lesson 11.1 Resource Management
Adaptive Forest Management
• Goal: To gather data from areas managed in different ways, and develop a customized management plan based on the results
Management practices are continually monitored and adjusted.
Can be time-consuming and may require changing established practices
Image - (Creative Commons licensed)
Geyser info source - National Park Service: 9

10. Lesson 11.2 Forests and Their Resources
Forests, mostly boreal forests and tropical rain forests, cover about 30% of Earth’s land. 10

12. There are Several Different Forest Biomes
Tropical Rainforest: warm all year, daily rain, infertile soil (all nutrients in plant life), most bio- diverse of all biomes
Temperate Forest: rain spread throughout year, seasonal temperatures, deciduous trees, fertile soil
Boreal Forest: cool, dry; long, cold winters; coniferous trees; acidic soil
Most left are tropical or boreal.
Temperature Forests have disappeared because people have cleared them for living space/agriculture

13. Value of Forests Ecological value: Economic value:
Lesson 11.2 Forests and Their Resources
Value of Forests
Ecological value:
Provide habitat for organisms
Source of biodiversity
Prevent erosion
Purify water
Store carbon, release oxygen
Economic value:
Timber for lumber and fuel
Source of food
Raw material for many medicines 13

14. Habitat for Organisms

15. Biodiversity
Forests contain more biodiversity then other biomes due to being structurally diverse…has a lot of niches to fill.
Needed for ecosystem health by…
Resisting environmental change
Being able to bounce back to regain function after a change occurs

16. Timber Harvesting
Most commercial harvesting occurs in Canada/Russia (Boreal forests) as well as Brazil (Tropical Rainforest)
In the U.S. most timber harvesting occurs in the conifer forests of the West and pine plantations of the South

17. Timber Harvesting Methods
Lesson 11.2 Forests and Their Resources
Timber Harvesting Methods
Three methods: Clear-cutting, seed-tree or shelterwood approach, and selection system
May result in even-aged or uneven-aged regrowth
Even-aged regrowth tends to be less biodiverse than uneven-aged regrowth.
Did You Know? Today most commercial logging in the U.S. occurs in western coniferous forests and southern pine plantations. 17

18. Clear-Cutting
Lesson 11.2 Forests and Their Resources
Involves cutting down all trees in a region, resulting in even-aged stands of regrowth
Changes abiotic conditions in the area, including light penetration, precipitation, wind, and temperature (Creates a new MICROCLIMATE)
Sets Secondary Succession in motion
Benefit: Cost efficient
Costs: Entire communities usually displaced or destroyed; causes soil erosion. 18

20. Seed-Tree and Shelterwood Approaches
Lesson 11.2 Forests and Their Resources
Seed-Tree and Shelterwood Approaches
Seed-tree: Small numbers of mature, healthy trees are left standing, to reseed the area.
Shelterwood: Involves leaving a few mature trees standing to provide shelter for seedlings
Benefit: Less damaging than clear-cutting
Cost: As with clear-cutting, leads to mostly even-aged regrowth 20

21. Lesson 11.2 Forests and Their Resources
Selection Systems
Relatively few trees are cut at once under a selection system.
Selection can involve widely spaced single trees or groups.
Benefits:
More biodiverse, uneven-aged growth
Less overall environmental damage
Costs:
Machinery disturbs forest interior.
Expensive process
More dangerous for loggers 21

22. Effects of Timber Harvesting
Succession will occur after harvesting to reestablish community damaged. Succession: series of community changes leading to climax community Primary succession: from rock (after glacier, volcano) Secondary succession: from soil (after clear- cutting, fire)
Creation of a microclimate inviting invasive species to replace original species due to the change in conditions Invasive species: nonnative species without natural predators Microclimate: different abiotic characteristics then normal ecosystem….light, temperature, precipitation

23. Lesson 11.2 Forests and Their Resources
Deforestation
Unlike timber harvesting, deforestation replaces forested areas with some other land use, such as commercial or residential property.
Deforestation in tropical and arid regions has the most negative effects due to loss of biodiversity and desertification risk respectively.
Globally, deforestation adds CO2 to Earth’s atmosphere. 23

24. Deforestation in the United States
Lesson 11.2 Forests and Their Resources
Deforestation in the United States
Deforestation for timber and farmland facilitated U.S. expansion to the west.
Wood felled for buildings and fuel during the pre- and early Industrial Revolution periods.
By the early 1900s, very little old-growth forest (forest that has never been logged) remained in the United States.
Did You Know? Once old-growth forest is logged, it may need hundreds of years to regrow. 24

25. Deforestation in Developing Nations
Lesson 11.2 Forests and Their Resources
Deforestation in Developing Nations
Timber from old-growth tropical rain forests is a source of income in developing nations.
Advanced technology enables deforestation to occur far faster than it has in the United States.
Deforestation of tropical rain forests has an enormously negative effect on global species diversity.
The border bewteen Haiti (left) and the Dominican Republic (right) shows Haiti’s deforestation. 25

26. Lesson 11.3 Forest Management
Most logging in the U.S. takes place on private land, but timber companies are also allowed to harvest trees in National Forests under supervision by the U.S. Forest Service. 26

27. Lesson 11.3 Forest Management
U.S. National Forests
The national forest system was established in 1905 out of the fear of a timber famine.
Originally set aside to grow trees for timber and to protect watersheds
Today, managed by the U.S. Forest Service, for timber, recreation, wildlife habitat, and mining (multiple use)
Timber is harvested by private timber companies
Forest Service (government) plant and manage timber sales and build road 27

28. National Forest Management Act (1976)
Lesson 11.3 Forest Management
National Forest Management Act (1976)
Requires that renewable resource management plans be made for each national forest
Plans are required to be consistent with the principles of multiple use and maximum sustainable yield.
Logging has declined in national forests since passage of the Act, but policies are vulnerable to political influence.
Example: Roadless rule limited building of new roads in national forests…it was repelled in 2005 28

29. Logging on Private Land
Lesson 11.3 Forest Management
Logging on Private Land
Most logging in the U.S. takes place on privately owned tree plantations.
A tree plantation is typically an even-aged monoculture with little habitat variety or biodiversity.
Use of plantations for timber protects National Forests from being logged. 29

30. Fire Policies Fire Suppression: Prescribed Burns:
Lesson 11.3 Forest Management
Fire Suppression:
Negative effects on ecosystems that depend on fire (example: Jack pine and Kirtland’s Warler)
Fuel for future fires accumulates (limbs, sticks, and leaf litter).
Suppressing small fires increases likelihood of larger, dangerous fires.
Prescribed Burns:
Carefully controlled burning helps to reduce fuel buildup and to restore ecosystems.
Rarely burn out of control, but occasional accidents frighten the public. 30

31. Healthy Forests Restoration Act (2003)
Lesson 11.3 Forest Management
Healthy Forests Restoration Act (2003)
Encourages prescribed burns
Promotes salvage logging— removal of small trees, underbrush, and snags by timber companies
Seen as harmful by many scientists and environmental advocates
Salvage logging can slow forest regrowth, promotes wildfires (roads/machinery), and destroys snags— habitat for wildlife. 31

32. Sustainable Forestry Products
Lesson 11.3 Forest Management
Sustainable Forestry Products
Independent organizations certify that wood products are produced sustainably.
Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) has the strictest standards and most widely accepted certification process.
Certified wood costs more to produce, but will be supplied by timber companies if there is demand.
Did You Know? In British Columbia, Canada, 70% of the annual timber harvest is certified. 32