1. SANKALCHAND PATEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Subject :- Fluid Power Engineering
HYDRAULIC TURBINE
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
5th

2. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION HISTORY CLASIIFICATION OF HYDRAULIC TURBINE
PELTON TURBINE
FRANCIS TURBINE
KAPLAN AND PROPELLER TURBINE
COMPARISON
SOME RELATED TERMS DEFINATION
EFFICIENCIES OF HYDRAULIC TURBINE
DRAFT TUBE
GOVERNING OF HYDRULIC TURBINE
SELECTION OF TURBINE
CONCLUSION

3. INTRODUCTION
Machines which convert hydraulic energy(energy possessed by water) into mechanical energy are hydraulic machines.
A hydraulic turbine converts the potential energy of water into mechanical energy which in turn is utilised to run an electric generator to get electric energy

4. HISTORY
Water wheels have been used for thousands of years for industrial power.
The word turbine was introduced by the French engineer Claude Bourdin in the early 19th century and is derived from the Latin word for "whirling" or a "vortex".
The main difference between early water turbines and water wheels is a swirl component of the water which passes energy to a spinning rotor.

5. CLASSIFICATION OF HYDRAULIC TURBINE
i. Head and quantity of water available.
ii. Name of the originator.
iii. Action of water on the moving blades.
iv. Direction of flow of water in the runner.
v. Disposition of the turbine shaft.
vi. Specific speed NS.

6. i. Head and quantity of water available
Impulse turbine
Requires high head and small quantity of flow
Reaction turbine
Requires low head and high rate of flow.

7. ii. Name of the originator
Pelton turbine
Lester Allen Pelton of California (USA)
Francis turbine
James Bichens Francis
Kaplan turbine
Dr. Victor Kaplan

8. Kaplan and Propeller turbine
iii. Action of water on the moving blades.
Turbine
Reaction turbine
Francis turbine
Kaplan and Propeller turbine
Impulse Turbine
Pelton turbine

9. iv. Direction of flow of water in the runner.
Tangential flow turbine
Pelton turbine
Radial flow turbine
Axial flow turbine
Kaplan turbine
Mixed flow turbine
Francis turbine

10. v. Disposition of the turbine shaft.
Pelton have horizontal shaft.
Francis, Kaplan have vertical shaft.
vi. Specific Speed NS
Speed of a turbine, identical in shape, geometrical dimensions, blade angles etc., with actual turbine but with such a size that it’ll develope unit horse power when working under unit head.
Specific Speed, NS = (N √P )/ H5/4

11. Where, N= Normal working Speed in rpm P= Power output of the turbine H= net or effective heads in meters The specific speed for various type of runners are given below:
Type of turbine
Type of runner
Specific speed
Pelton
Slow
Normal
Fast
10 to 20
20 to 28
28 to 35
Francis
60 to 120
120 to 180
180 to 300
Kaplan -
300 to 1000

12. Pelton Wheel
Consists of rotor , at the peripery of which, double- hemispherical or elliptical buckets are mounted.
It is a tangential flow impulse turbine.
A Pelton’s runner consists of a single wheel mounted on a horizontal shaft.
Pelton type
Specific Speed
Efficiency
Head
(in meter)
Single Nozzle
12- 30
89%
2000
2 nozzle
17-50
1500
4 nozzle
24- 70
500

13. Main Parts of a Pelton Wheel
Nozzle: It controls the amount of water striking the vanes of the runner.
Casing: It is used to prevent splashing of water and plays no part in power generation.
Runner with buckets: Runner is a circular disc on the periphery of which a number of evenly spaced buckets are fixed.
Breaking Jet: To stop the runner in short time breaking jet is used.

14. SPLITTER

15. Runner of a Pelton Turbine
BUCKETS OR VANES
SPLITTER
RUNNER

16. WORKING PRINCIPLE

17. WORKING PRINCIPLE
Water falls towards the turbine through a pipe called penstock and flows through a nozzle.
The high speed jet of water hits the buckets (vanes) on the wheel and causes the wheel to rotate.
A spear rod which has a spear shaped end can be moved by a hand wheel.
The change in momentum of water stream produces an impulse on the blades of the wheel of Pelton Turbine.

18. Specific Speed(in rpm)
FRANCIS TURBINE
It is an inward-flow reaction turbine that combines radial and axial flow concepts.
Vertical shaft may also be used for small size turbines, but normally they have horizontal shaft.
Francis type
Specific Speed(in rpm)
Efficiency
Head
(in meter)
Low
93%
30-60
Medium
50-150
High
80-150
500

19. Main parts of a Francis Turbine
CASING: The runner is completely enclosed in an air- tight spiral casing. The casing and runner are always full of water.
GUIDE MECHANISM: Water is fall down to the turbine and passed through the no’s of stationary orifices fixed all around the circumference of the runner , this is called guide vanes . The guide vanes allow the water to strike the vanes of the runner without shock at inlet
RUNNER: It is a circular wheel on which a series of curved radial guide vanes are fixed.
DRAFT TUBE: It is used for discharging water from the outlet of the runner to the tail race.

20. RUNNER
MOVABLE VANES
GUIDE WHEEL
STATIONARY GUIDE
VANES

21. WORKING PRINCIPLE

22. APPLICATION
In addition to electrical production, they may also be used for pumped storage, where a reservoir is filled by the turbine (acting as a pump) during low power demand, and then reversed and used to generate power during peak demand.

23. Specific speed(in rpm)
KAPLAN AND PROPELLER TURBINE
The Kaplan turbine is a propeller-type water turbine which has adjustable blades.
The runner of a kaplan turbine resembles with propeller of a ship. That is why, a Kaplan turbine is also called as propeller turbine.
Type
Specific speed(in rpm)
Efficiency
Head (in meters)
Propeller& Kaplan
93%
10-60
Bulb
91%
3- 9

24. Kaplan Turbine Runner
VANES
SHAFT
HUBB OR
BOSS

25. WORKING PRINCIPLE

26. WORKING PRINCIPLE
The turbine wheel, which is completely under water, is turned by the pressure of water against its blades.
Guide vanes regulate the amount of water reaching the wheel.

27. VARIATION
The Kaplan turbine is the most widely used of the propeller-type turbines, but several other variations exist:
Propeller turbines have non-adjustable propeller vanes.
Bulb or Tubular turbines are designed into the water delivery tube. A large bulb is centered in the water pipe which holds the generator, wicket gate and runner. Tubular turbines are a fully axial design, whereas Kaplan turbines have a radial wicket gate.
Pit turbines are bulb turbines with a gear box. This allows for a smaller generator and bulb.

28. Straflo turbines are axial turbines with the generator outside of the water channel, connected to the periphery of the runner.
S- turbines eliminate the need for a bulb housing by placing the generator outside of the water channel. This is accomplished with a jog in the water channel and a shaft connecting the runner and generator.
VLH turbine an open flow, very low head "kaplan" turbine slanted at an angle to the water flow. It has a large diameter, is low speed using a permanent magnet alternator with electronic power regulation and is very fish friendly (<5% mortality). VLH Turbine
Tyson turbines are a fixed propeller turbine designed to be immersed in a fast flowing river, either permanently anchored in the river bed, or attached to a boat or barge.

29. APPLICATION
Inexpensive micro turbines on the Kaplan turbine model are manufactured for individual power production with as little as two feet of head.
Kaplan turbines are individually designed for each site to operate at the highest possible efficiency, typically over 90%.

30. KAPLAN TURBINE INSTALLATION IN INDIA
S.No.
Scheme/Project
Location (State)
Source of water 1.
Bhakra- Nangal project
Gangwal & Kota(Punjab)
Nangal hydel 2.
Hirakud dam project
Hirakud (orissa)
Mahanadi river 3.
Nizam Sagar project
Nizam sagar (Andhra Pradesh)
Nanjira river 4.
Radhanagri hydroelectric scheme
Kolhapur (Maharashtra)
Bhagvati river 5.
Tungbhadra hydroelectric scheme
Tungbhadra (karnataka)
Tungbhadra river

31. COMPARISON Francis turbine versus Pelton turbine:
Mechanical efficiency of Pelton decreases faster with wear than Francis.
Size of powerhouse required is small and economical if Francis is used than Pelton.
Cavitation is an ever present danger in Francis.
The water hammer effect is more trouble in Francis.
In Francis , variation in the operating head can be easily controlled.

32. COMPARISON Kaplan versus Francis turbine: Kaplan is more compact.
Part load efficiency is high.
Low frictional losses in Kaplan.

33. SOME RELATED TERM’S DEFINATION
Cavitation: Cavitation is the formation of empty cavities in a liquid by high forces and the immediate implosion of them.
Cavitation occurs when a liquid is subjected to rapid changes of pressure causing the formation of cavities in the lower pressure regions of the liquid.
Prof. Dietrich Thoma of Munich (Germany) suggested a factor ,called cavitation factor.

34. Methods to avoid cavitation:
Runner/turbine may be kept under water.
Cavitation free runner may be designed.
By selecting materials that can resist better the cavitation effect.
By polishing the surfaces.
By selecting a runner of proper specific speed for given load.

35. Runway Speed:
The runaway speed of a water turbine is its speed at full flow, and no shaft load.
The practical values of run away speeds for various turbines with respect to their rated speed N are as follows:
Pelton Wheel …1.8 to 1.9N
Francis turbine (mixed flow) …2.0 to 2.2N
Kaplan turbine (axial flow) …2.5 to 3.0N

36. Efficiencies of a turbine
Hydraulic efficiency, is ratio of power developed by the runner of a turbine to the power supplied by the water at the inlet.
Mechanical efficiency, ratio of power available at the shaft to power developed at the runner.
Volumetric efficiency, ratio of volume of the water actually striking the runner to the volume of water supplied to the turbine.
Overall efficiency, ratio of power available at the shaft of the turbine to the power supplied by the water at the inlet of the turbine.

37. DRAFT TUBE
The draft tube is a pipe of gradually increasing area which connects the outlet of the runner with the tailrace.
It creates a negative head at the outlet of the runner thereby increasing the net head on the turbine.
It converts a large proportion of rejected kinetic energy into useful pressure or potential head.

38. Two types of draft tube:
Canonical type: used on low powered units for all specific speeds, frequently, on large head units.
Elbow type: used to turn the water from the vertical to horizontal direction with minimum depth of excavation and with high efficiency.

39. GOVERNING Means speed regulation Governing of Impulse turbine:
(i) Spear regulation.
(ii) Deflector regulation.
(iii) combined
Governing of Reaction turbine

40. SELECTION OF TURBINE Specific Speed. Rotational Speed. Efficiency.
Part load operation.
Cavitation.
Disposition of turbine Shaft.
Head.

41. CONCLUSION
On overall discussion , we can conclude that generation of electricity by hydraulic turbine is best way of restricting pollution and no fuel required, although we must be particular about the site.
We can also conclude Kaplan and propeller is best among all.

42. THANKYOU