1. Non Renewable Energy Chapter 12
5/14/2018 2:00 AM
Non Renewable Energy Chapter 12
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2. Nonrenewable Energy
Nonrenewable energy resources- fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) and nuclear fuels.

3. Energy Use
Commercial energy sources- those that are bought and sold, such as coal, oil and natural gas.
Subsistence energy sources- those gathered by individuals for their own use such as wood, charcoal and animal waste.

4. Process of Energy Use

5. Overall Fuel Efficiency of U.S. Automobiles

6. Electricity Generation
The burning fuel from coal transfers energy to water, which becomes steam.
The kinetic energy contained within the steam is transferred to the blades of a turbine, a large device that resembles a fan.
As the energy in the steam turns the turbine, the shaft in the center of the turbine turns the generator.
This mechanical motion generates energy.

7. Electricity Generation

8. Energy Efficiency
Most coal burning power plants are about 35% efficient.

9. Cogeneration
Cogeneration- using a fuel to generate electricity and to produce heat.
Example- If steam is used for industrial purposes or to heat buildings it is diverted to turn a turbine first.
This improves the efficiency to as high as 90%.

10. Coal
Coal- a solid fuel formed primarily from the remains of trees, ferns, and other plant materials that were preserved million years ago.
Four types of coal ranked from lesser to greater age, exposure to pressure, and energy content.
These four types are: lignite, sub-bituminous, bituminous, and anthracite.
The largest coal reserves are in the United States, Russia, China, and India.

11. Coal

12. Advantages and Disadvantages of Coal
Energy-dense
Contains impurities
Plentiful
Release impurities into air when burned
Easy to exploit by surface mining
Trace metals like mercury, lead, and arsenic are found in coal
Technological demands are small
Combustion leads to increased levels of sulfur dioxide and other air pollutants into the atmosphere.
Economic costs are low
Ash is left behind
Easy to handle and transport
Carbon is released into the atmosphere which contributes to climate change
Needs little refining

13. Petroleum
Petroleum- a mixture of hydrocarbons, water, and sulfur that occurs in underground deposits.
Oil and gasoline make this ideal for mobile combustion, such as vehicles.
Formed from the remains of ocean-dwelling phytoplankton that died million years ago.
Countries with the most petroleum are Saudi Arabia, Russia, the United States, Iran, China, Canada, and Mexico.

14. Petroleum

15. Advantages and Disadvantages of Petroleum
Convenient to transport and use
Releases carbon dioxide into atmosphere
Relatively energy-dense
Possibility of leaks when extracted and transported
Cleaner-burning than coal
Releases sulfur, mercury, lead, and arsenic into the atmosphere when burned

16. Natural Gas
Natural gas- exists as a component of petroleum in the ground as well as in gaseous deposits separate from petroleum.
Contains 80 to 95 percent methane and 5 to 20 percent ethane, propane, and butane.
Advantages
Disadvantages
Contains fewer impurities and therefore emits almost no sulfur dioxide or particulates
When unburned, methane escapes into the atmosphere
Emits only 60% as much carbon dioxide as coal
Exploration of natural gas has the potential of contaminating groundwater

17. Other Fossil Fuels
Oil sands- slow-flowing, viscous deposits of bitumen mixed with sand, water, and clay.
Oil Shale-The term oil shale generally refers to any sedimentary rock that contains solid bituminous materials (called kerogen) that are released as petroleum-like liquids when the rock is heated in the chemical process of pyrolysis. Oil shale was formed millions of years ago by deposition of silt and organic debris on lake beds and sea bottoms.
Bitumen (tar or pitch)- a degraded type of petroleum that forms when a petroleum migrates close to the surface, where bacteria metabolize some of the light hydrocarbons and others evaporate.
“Fracking”- is a well stimulation technique in which rock is fractured by a pressurized liquid. The process involves the high-pressure injection of 'fracking fluid' (primarily water, containing sand or other proppants suspended with the aid of thickening agents) into a wellbore to create cracks in the deep-rock formations through which natural gas, petroleum, and brine will flow more freely.

18. Hydro- Fracturing

19. Tar Sands of Canada

21. The Hubbert Curve
Hubbert curve- a graph that shows the point at which world oil production would reach a maximum and the point at which we would run out of oil.

22. The Future of Fossil Fuel Use
If current global use continues, we will run out of conventional oil in less than 55 years, according to a new BP estimate.
Coal supplies will last for at least 200 years, and probably much longer.

23. Nuclear Energy
Fission- a nuclear reaction in which a neutron strikes a relatively large atomic nucleus, which then splits into two or more parts.

24. Nuclear Reactors

25. Nuclear Reactors
Fuel rods- the cylindrical tubes that house the nuclear fuel used in a nuclear power plant.
Nuclear power plants work by using heat from nuclear fission to heat water. This water produces the steam to turn the turbine, which turns a generator.
Control rods- cylindrical devices that can be inserted between the fuel rods to absorb excess neutrons, thus slowing or stopping the fission reaction.

26. Advantages and Disadvantages of Nuclear Energy
No air pollution is produced
Possibility of accidents
Countries can limit their need for imported oil
Disposal of the radioactive waste

29. Radioactive Waste
Radioactive waste- once the nuclear fuel can not produce enough heat to be used in a power plant but it continues to emit radioactivity.
This waste must be stored in special, highly secure locations because of the danger to living organisms.
High-level radioactive waste- the form used in fuel rods.
Low-level radioactive waste- the protective clothing, tools, rags, and other items used in routine plant maintenance.

30. Nuclear Energy and the Environment
Nuclear fuel cycle includes:
Mining and processing of uranium to controlled fission
Reprocessing of spent fuel
Decommissioning of power plants
Disposal of radioactive waste
Throughout the cycle radiation can enter and affect the environment

32. Nuclear Power Plant Accidents
US Nuclear Regulatory Commission
Sets performance goal for a single reactor at 0.01% (1 in 10,000 chance of core meltdown)
If there were 1,500 plants a melt down would be expected every seven years
Unacceptable risk
Two well-known accidents
Three-Mile Island
Occurred March 28, 1979 near Harrisburg, PA
Malfunction of a valve resulted in partial core meltdown
Intense radiation released to interior of containment structure
Small amount of radiation released into environment
Chernobyl
Occurred April 26, 1986 in Cherbobyl, Soviet Union
Worst accident in history of nuclear power generation
Failure in cooling waters
Reactor overheated melting the uranium fuel
Explosions removed top of building
Fires produced a cloud of radioactive particles

33. Radioactive Waste Management
By-products are expected when electricity is produced at nuclear reactors
Three general categories
Mine tailings
20 million metric tons of abandoned tailings will continue to emit radiation for 100,000 years
Low-level waste
Transuranic waste
High-level waste

34. Yucca Mountain Nuclear Waste Depository
Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982
Initiated high-level waste disposal program
Department of Energy investigated several sites
To be disposed of underground in deep geologic waste repository
Yucca Mountain only site being evaluated
Use of site begins in 2010?
Extensive scientific evaluations of Yucca Mountain carried out
Remain controversial
Concerned that natural processes might allows radiation to escape
Major question as to how accurate long-term predictions are

35. The Future of Nuclear Energy
Advocates argue that nuclear power is good for the environment
It does not produce potential global warming through release of carbon dioxide
It does not cause acid rain
If breeder reactors are developed the amount of fuel will be greatly increased
However, can it really ever be “safe”

36. Fusion
Nuclear fusion- the reaction that powers the Sun and other stars. This occurs when lighter nuclei are forced together to produce heavier nuclei and heat is released.
Fusion is a promising, unlimited source of energy in the future, but so far scientists have had difficulty containing the heat that is produced.