2. Dr. Ayesha Imtiaz Pathology
ACUTE INFLAMMATION - 3
Dr. Ayesha Imtiaz
Pathology

3. CELLULAR CHANGES * Margination * Rolling -vascular lumen * Adhesion
1. Recruitment of Leukocytes :
* Margination
* Rolling vascular lumen
* Adhesion
* TransMigration/ Diapedesis

4. CELLULAR CHANGES * Recognition of Microbes and Dead Tissues
2. Chemotaxis
3. Activation of Leukocytes
* Recognition of Microbes and
Dead Tissues
* Phagocytosis

5. RECOGNITION OF STIMULUS
OPSONISATION
RECEPTORS

6. RECOGNITION OF STIMULUS
OPSONIZATION :
The process of coating a particle, such as a microbe, to target it for ingestion / phagocytosis is called opsonization

7. RECOGNITION OF STIMULUS
OPSONINS :
1. Antibodies
( IGg )
2. Complement Protein
(C3 )
3. Lectin
( Mannan-binding lectin )

8. RECOGNITION OF STIMULUS
RECEPTORS :
for
* Opsonins
* Microbes
* Microbial products
* Products released in response
to microbes

9. PHAGOCYTOSIS ENGULFMENT
Particle is bound to phagocyte receptors --- receptor-initiated signals --- cytoskeletal changes --- Pseudopods formation --- formation of phagosome vesicle

10. PHAGOCYTOSIS

11. PHAGOCYTOSIS FORMATION OF PHAGOLYSOSOME
Phagosome fuses with a lysosomal granule --- Discharge of the granule's contents into the phagolysosome --- Microbial degradation.

12. PHAGOCYTOSIS

13. PHAGOCYTOSIS KILLING AND DEGRADATION : Neutrophils & Macrophages
Elimination of infectious agents & necrotic cells is accomplished thru killing by
1. Reactive oxygen species (ROS)
2. Reactive nitrogen species (NO)

14. PHAGOCYTOSIS KILLING AND DEGRADATION : 3. Enzymes : Elastase Defensins
Lysozyme

15. MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION

16. MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION

18. SYSTEMIC EFFECTS OF INFLAMMATION
Acute-phase response: Defined as systemic changes associated with acute inflammation e.g: fever , chills, anorexia, etc.
Leukocytosis is a common feature of inflammatory reactions.
Leukocyte count -- 15,000 or 20,000 cells/μL
Leukemoid reactions:The extremely elevated levels of 40,000 to 100,000 cells/μL leukocyte count is reffered as leukamoid reaction and because they are similar to the white cell counts observed in leukemia so the name has been given.

19. MORPHOLOGICAL PATTERNS OF ACUTE INFLAMMATION

20. MORPHOLOGICAL PATTERNS OF ACUTE INFLAMMATION
SEROUS INFLAMMATION is marked by the outpouring of a thin fluid that may be derived from the plasma or from the secretions of mesothelial cells lining the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities. Accumulation of fluid in these cavities is called an effusion.

21. MORPHOLOGICAL PATTERNS OF ACUTE INFLAMMATION
SEROUS INFLAMMATION
Examples :
Skin blister
Pleural effusion ; etc.

22. MORPHOLOGICAL PATTERNS OF ACUTE INFLAMMATION

23. MORPHOLOGICAL PATTERNS OF ACUTE INFLAMMATION
FIBRINOUS INFLAMMATION :
With greater increase in vascular permeability, large molecules such as fibrinogen pass the vascular barrier, and fibrin is formed and deposited in the extracellular space.

24. MORPHOLOGICAL PATTERNS OF ACUTE INFLAMMATION
FIBRINOUS INFLAMMATION
Examples :
Fibrinous Pericarditis ; etc.

25. MORPHOLOGICAL PATTERNS OF ACUTE INFLAMMATION

26. MORPHOLOGICAL PATTERNS OF ACUTE INFLAMMATION
SUPPURATIVE / PURULENT INFLAMMATION is characterized by the production of large amounts of pus or purulent exudate consisting of neutrophils, liquefactive necrosis, and edema fluid.

27. MORPHOLOGICAL PATTERNS OF ACUTE INFLAMMATION
ABSCESSES are localized collections of purulent inflammatory tissue caused by suppuration buried in a tissue, an organ, or a confined space.

28. MORPHOLOGICAL PATTERNS OF ACUTE INFLAMMATION
SUPPURATIVE / PURULENT INFLAMMATION
Example :
Suppurative Acute Appendicitis
Abcess Formation ; etc.

29. MORPHOLOGICAL PATTERNS OF ACUTE INFLAMMATION

30. MORPHOLOGICAL PATTERNS OF ACUTE INFLAMMATION
ULCERATION :
An ulcer is a local defect, or excavation, of the surface (epidermal or mucosal) of an organ or tissue that is produced by the sloughing of inflamed necrotic tissue .

31. MORPHOLOGICAL PATTERNS OF ACUTE INFLAMMATION
ULCERATION :
Example :
Peptic ulcer (gastric/duodenal)
Typhoid Ulcer (small intestine)

32. MORPHOLOGICAL PATTERNS OF ACUTE INFLAMMATION

33. MORPHOLOGICAL PATTERNS OF ACUTE INFLAMMATION

34. FATE/OUTCOMES OF ACUTE INFLAMMATION

36. THANX