1. Mediterranean Society and the Greek Phase
Ch. 10

2. Early Development of Greek Society

3. Minoan and Mycenaean Societies
CHAOS IN THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN
KNOSSOS
DECLINE OF MINOAN SOCIETY
MYCENAEAN SOCIETY
Series of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and tidal waves
After natural disasters occurred they began to rebuild (plumbing, toilet flushing)
Get invaded but kept maritime trade, writing and construction
Indo-Europeans move into area
Traded with Minoans
Developed Linear B
Created fortified areas and settlers began to move in creating the Mycenaean society
Mycenaeans go into battle against Troy
Inspiration for the Iliad.
bce-many signs of decline (civil disturbances, pop. drop, writing disappeared)
Area where several lavish palaces were built
Nerve center of the area
Used as residences and a warehouse
Created script known as Linear A
Crete principal center for Meditteranean commerce
Influenced by Phoenician's and Egypt

4. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS Town of Akrotiri harbor
1. What does this alfresco suggest about Minoan societies?

5. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS The Lion Gate at Mycenae
2. Based on the image and title of the image, what does this suggest about Mycenaean society?

6. The World of the Polis THE POLIS SPARTA SPARTAN SOCIETY
No established centralized gov’t.
Local gov’t took the lead
Polis-city-state, but also a fortified area that grew into a commercial center
Controlled surrounding regions
Levied taxes and agriculture from those they protected
Some polis were monarchies, most were collective notables or under “tyrant” control
Began to control much of the Peloponnesus area
Those under control were helots-servants of the Spartan state.
Helots not slaves but couldn’t leave land
They provided the agriculture for Sparta
Sparta always had to keep them from rebellion
Equal in status
Didn’t really have fancy items
Iron bars for money
Simple, frugal and austere
Distinction came in the form of strength
Boys left home at 7 for military training
Age 20-military
Women – physical training, could marry but not live with husbands
Foundation of military discipline

8. The World of the Polis ATHENS ATHENIAN SOCIETY
SOLON & ATHENIAN DEMOCRACY and PERICLES
Solon-aristocrat who served as a mediator b/w the rich and poor
Allowed rich to keep land and cancelled various forms of debt
Liberated those in debt
Pericles-most popular Athenian leader
Building programs that provided employment
Most sophisticated poleis
“education of Greece”
7th c. bce maritime trade prosperity
Aristocracy saw the most benefit
Also controlled Athenian gov’t
Many polies suffered from economic inequality which led to civil wars
Gov’t based on democratic principles
More negotiators, looked at all interests
Only free adult males played a role in public affairs

9. Discussion Question
3. To what extent did geography encourage Greeks to venture into the Mediterranean Sea?

10. GREECE AND THE LARGER WORLD

11. Greek Colonies Effects of Greek Colonization Greek Colonies
4. What does this merchant vessel suggest about maritime trade?
More communication
More interaction and exchange
Spread culture and language throughout the Mediterranean
As merchants brought more money into the area they were able to establish small states.
Greek colonies were also est. on the East Med. Of the Black Sea
Along the Coast line
Gave access to various resources
No centralized imperial state
Each settlement was essentially its own start up

12. Discussion Question
5. In what ways did the colonies serve as links b/w Greece and the larger Mediterranean region?

13. Conflict w/Persia The Peloponnesian War The Persian Wars
The Delian League
Darius starts a war against peninsular Greece
Attacked Athens and Athenians were able to hold them off
Xerxes makes his own attempt
He burnt down Athens but Athenians attacked the Persian navy
Persian not willingly to put more efforts into conquering Greece and had internal conflicts
Delian League-an alliance system b/w Greek city-states to keep Persian at bay.
Athens leader of alliance
Athens supplied military but other gave financial contributions that went to the Athenian treasury
Money did not always go to the League but to the city-state
Athens vs. Sparta
Sparta will become the victors due to their military strength
Athenians took advantage of the power wielded to them

14. The Macedonians and the Coming of Empire
Philip of Macedon
Kingdom of Macedon
Alexander of
Macedon
Alexander’s Conquest
6. How was Alexander able to bring such extensive territories under his control?
Consisted of herders and cultivators
Greeks were traders
Located north of Greek peninsular
King Philip changed Macedon into a more militaristic state
Consolidated his rule over all the area
Wanted Greece and Persia
Could easily take parts of Greece due to the Peloponnesian wars
Alexander came into power due to an assassination of his father
Brilliant strategist
Great leader
Had a great army
Conquered from the Mediterranean to the Punjab of India

15. The Hellenistic Empires
The Antigonid Empire
The Ptolemaic Empire
The Hellenistic Era
7. Consider the geographical conditions and economic potential of the 3 empires.
Hellenistic era- Greek cultural traditions expanded their influence beyond Greece to a much larger world
Sponsored interaction b/w many different peoples
Integrated economies, facilitated trade, spread beliefs, values and traditions
Smallest of Hellenistic empires
Antigonid Rulers and Greek cities often made economic compromises (tax relief)
Wealthiest of the empires
In Egypt
Did not really interfere but rather served more as monitors and tax collectors over the area
Est. monopolies over lucrative economic industries.

16. The Hellenistic Empires
The Seleucid Empire
Alexandria
Greeks in Bactria
Ptolemaic capital
Administrative headquarters
Largest port at the time
Megalopolis-people of various ethnicities, cultures and traditions.
Alexandrian Museum and Alexandrian Army
Founded by either Alexander or Seleucus
Withdrew from Seleucid empire and est. and ind. Greek kingdom
Greek culture
But also welcomed Persian and C. Asian deities.
Greek influence reached its greatest extent here
Created a Mediterranean style urban society

17. The Fruits of Trade: Greek Economy and Society

18. Trade and the Integration of the Mediterranean Basin
Commercial and Economic Organization
Panhellenic
Festivals
Olympic
Games
Trade
8. What does this pot suggest about the importance of trade?
Best athletes of various poleis went to Olympia to compete (strength, speed, skill)
Winners were seen as heroes
Wore olive wreaths
Harvesting Olives
Olive and grapes
Trade around the Mediterranean encouraged much interaction
Ship owners, merchants and moneylenders created partnerships
Entrepreneurs est. small businesses
Trade contributed to a larger sense of community
Greek culture spread
Festivals helped reinforce Greek culture

19. Family and Society Patriarchal Society Sappho Slavery
9. What does this image suggest about slavery?
Slave carrying his drunken master home
Males rule
Make decisions, even on keeping infants
Women under family male authorities
Could not own land but some owned businesses
Spartan women had more freedom, though
Upper class women were at times taught to read
Poet Sappho
Invited young women for instruction in music & literature
Homosexuality fine for men but not women
Many saw her as morally suspicious
Used as a labor force
Types of slaves: indebted, chattel slavery
Most did hard labor but some were domestic servants
Economic investments
Could sometimes win their freedom

20. The Cultural Life of Classical Greece

21. Rational Thought and Philosophy
Greek Science and
Mathematics
Greek Philosophy
Socrates
10. What did Socrates mean by the phrase “ the unexamined life is not worth living”?
Used evidence, rational thinking, and human reason to explain the world
Pythagoras – Pythagoras theorem
Hippocrates-medical practice to understand the body
Greek expression was philosophy-reason to bear on human issues as well as natural world
Socrates-wanted to understand humans and human affairs
Questions that posed reflection
Focused on ethics and morality
Honest lives more important than wealth and fame
“the unexamined life is not worth living”
Many elites did not like him because it challenged their thought

22. Rational Thought and Philosophy
Plato
Aristotle
Disciple of Socrates
Theory of Forms and Ideas
Virtue meant different things in different situations
World we live in is not the only world but a pale imperfection of the world of Form or Ideas
His thoughts had poli-social importance through the idea of the philosopher king
Disciple of Plato
Rely on senses and reason
Use logic to create arguments
“master of those who know”
Greek philosophers deeply influenced European and Islamic cultural traditions.

23. Popular Religion Greek Deities Religious Cults Women’s Cults
Did not recognize one god
Polytheistic
Created myths about their gods
Zeus, grandson of earth and sky gods, is the main ruler
Zeus had subordinate deities
Explained the world
Foundation for religious cults
Held rituals
Some cults only for women

24. Popular Religion Tragic Drama The Cult of Dionysus Complicated themes
Women most devoted to Dionysus (god of wine)
Was once more wild cult became more domesticated and began to honor the polis, relations b/w human and gods and looked at ethical problems
Complicated themes
Explored the possibilities and limitations of human action
Often dramas were about public and political affairs

25. Hellenistic Philosophy and Religion
The Hellenistic Philosophers
Religions of Salvation
Mystery religions offered eternal bliss for those who followed their doctrine
Cult of Osiris because it promised salvation
Epicureans, Skeptics and Stoics
Epicureans-pleasure is the greatest good
Skeptics-doubted possibility of certain knowledge and didn’t take part in moral, social or political issues
Stoics- aid others lead virtuous lives
All wanted to achieve inner peace