1. CLASSIFICATION OF INSECT
Insect is a six legged arthropod.
Phylum : Arthropoda (with several classes)
Class: Insecta (Hexapoda)

2. Characters of class Insecta
Body is divided into three regions
In head a pair of antenna and a pair of compound eyes are usually present.
Thorax is the centre of locomotion with, 3 pairs of five jointed legs and two pairs of wings.
Excretion is mainly through malpighian tubules.
Tracheal system of respiration well developed.
Brain is divided into protocerebrum, deutocerebrum and tritocerebrum.

3. Class Insecta
subclass Pterygota
subclass Apterygota
Winged
wingless
Present.
absent Metamorphosis
Present
Pleural in thorax is absent
Absent.
Pregenital abdominal appendages present.

4. subclass Apterygota order order order order
Protura (Pro-first, Ura-tail)
Thysanura - Silverfish (Thysan-fringedمهدب, Ura-tail)
Collembola- Springtail (coll-glue; embol-pegوتد )
Diplura
(Di-two; Ura-tail)

5. Division Endopterygota division Exopterygota
Sub-class Pterygota
Division Endopterygota
division Exopterygota

6. Endopterygota
Exopterygota
Internal
External
Wing development
Complete
Incomplete
Type of metamorphosis
Present
Absent
Pupal stage
Larva
Naiad or Nymph
Immature stage 9 16
No. of orders

7. Class Hexapoda Order Collembola: Springtails
Ametabolous: simple metamorphosis.
شوكةFork-like springing structures.
Simple eyes.
Antennae.
Wingless adults.
Difference between nymphs and adults is size.
Feed on decomposing materials.

8. Order Protura: Proturans
Ametabolous: simple metamorphosis.
No eyes.
No antennae.
Very small.
Wingless.
Difference between nymphs and adults is size.
Feed on decomposing materials.

9. Order Diplura: Diplurans
Ametabolous: simple metamorphosis.
Two caudal filaments.
Compound eyes.
Antennae.
Wingless adults.
Difference between nymphs and adults is size.
Feed on decomposing materials.

10. Order Thysanura: Silverfish
Ametabolous: simple metamorphosis.
Three tail-like appendages.
Body flattened and covered with scales.
Wingless adults.
Difference between nymphs and adults is size.
Found in wet places.

11. Class Hexapoda Pterygota: Winged insects (Incomplete metamorphosis)
Order Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
Order Odonata: Dragonflies and damselflies
Order Plecoptera: Stoneflies

12. Order Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
Hemimetabolous metamorphosis: simple, incomplete.
Winged adults live for a day.
2-3 caudal filaments.
Nymphs and adults in different habitat.
Nymphs and adults different in appearance.
Aquatic nymphs with gills.
Indicate good water quality.

13. Order Odonata: Dragonflies and damselflies
Hemimetabolous metamorphosis: simple, incomplete.
Toothed mandibles (chewing mouthparts).
Winged adults.
Nymphs and adults different in appearance.
Aquatic nymphs with gills.
Indicate good water quality.

14. Order Plecoptera: Stoneflies
Hemimetabolous metamorphosis: simple, incomplete.
Folded wings.
Chewing mouthparts.
Aquatic, gilled nymphs.
Adult (top) and Nymph (bottom)

15. Class Hexapoda Pterygota: Winged insects Paurometabolous: Gradual metamorphosis
Walkingsticks
Grasshoppers and crickets
Mantids
Cockroaches
Termites
Earwigs
Stoneflies
Lice
True Bugs
Cicadas, hoppers and aphids
Thrips

16. Order Phasmida: Walkingsticks
Paurametabolous metamorphosis: gradual.
Winged adults.
Chewing mouthparts.
Nymphs and adults in same habitat.
Nymphs and adults similar in appearance.

17. Order Orthoptera: Grasshoppers, katydids, and crickets
Paurametabolous metamorphosis: gradual.
Straight wings.
Winged adults.
Chewing mouthparts.
Nymphs and adults in same habitat.
Nymphs and adults similar in appearance.
Grasshoppers

18. Order Mantodea: Mantids
Paurametabolous metamorphosis: gradual.
Winged adults.
Chewing mouthparts.
Nymphs and adults in same habitat.
Nymphs and adults similar in appearance.
Praying Mantis

19. Order Blattodea: Cockroaches
Paurametabolous metamorphosis: gradual.
Winged adults.
Chewing mouthparts.
Nymphs and adults in same habitat.
Nymphs and adults similar in appearance.

20. Order Isoptera: Termites
Paurametabolous metamorphosis: gradual.
Equal wings.
Winged adults.
Chewing mouthparts.
Nymphs and adults in same habitat.
Nymphs and adults similar in appearance.

21. Order Dermaptera: Earwigs
Paurametabolous metamorphosis: gradual.
Skin-like front wings.
Winged adults.
Chewing mouthparts.
Nymphs and adults in same habitat.
Nymphs and adults similar in appearance.

22. Order Phthiraptera (Mallophaga and Anoplura): Lice
Paurametabolous metamorphosis: gradual.
Wingless adults.
Chewing or sucking mouthparts.
Nymphs and adults in same habitat.
Nymphs and adults similar in appearance.
Sucking Louse

23. Order Hemiptera: Heteroptera: True bugs Homoptera: cicadas, hoppers, aphids, psyllids, whiteflies, scales
Paurametabolous metamorphosis: gradual.
Usually winged adults.
Sucking mouthparts.
Nymphs and adults in same habitat.
Nymphs and adults similar in appearance.

24. Order Hemiptera (Heteroptera): True bugs
Most bugs feed on plants.
Some are predaceous.
Predaceous Stink Bug attacking caterpillar
Four-lined Plant Bug

25. Order Hemiptera (Homoptera): Soft Scale
Summer Male
Summer Female
and Crawlers
Tuliptree Scale: Linden, walnut

26. Order Hemiptera (Homoptera): Armored Scale

27. Order Thysanoptera: Thrips
Paurametabolous metamorphosis: gradual.
Fringe-winged.
Winged adults.
Nymphs and adults in same habitat.
Nymphs and adults similar in appearance.
Adult
Nymph

28. Class Hexapoda Pterygota: Winged insects Holometabolous: Complete metamorphosis
Lacewings
Beetles
Scorpionflies
Fleas
Flies
Caddisflies
Moths and butterflies
Sawflies, wasps, and bees
Forest Tent Caterpillars

29. Green Lacewing Adult (left) and Larva (right)
Order Neuroptera: Alderflies, dobsonflies, fishflies, snakeflies, lacewings, antlions
Green Lacewing Adult (left) and Larva (right)

30. Order Neuroptera: Alderflies, dobsonflies, fishflies, snakeflies, lacewings, antlions
Holometabolous metamorphosis: complete.
Nerve-winged.
Winged adults.
Chewing mouthparts.
Larvae and adults sometimes in same habitat.
Some larvae are aquatic.
Larvae and adults not similar in appearance.

31. Order Coleoptera: Beetles
Scarab Larva (below)
Japanese Beetle Adult

32. Order Coleoptera: Beetles
Holometabolous metamorphosis: complete.
Hardened forewings (elytra).
Winged adults.
Chewing mouthparts.
Larvae and adults in same habitat.
Larvae and adults not similar in appearance.

33. Order Mecoptera: Scorpionflies
Holometabolous metamorphosis: complete.
Long wings.
Winged adults.
Larvae and pupae sometimes found in soil.
Larvae and adults not similar in appearance.

34. Order Siphonoptera: Fleas
Holometabolous metamorphosis: complete.
Wingless adults.
Sucking mouthparts.
Larvae and adults not similar in appearance.
Often pests of mammals.

35. Order Diptera: Flies
Fly Larva (maggot)
Tachinid Fly Adult

36. Order Diptera: Flies Holometabolous metamorphosis: complete.
Winged adults.
2nd pair of wings are halteres.
Larvae and adults often in same habitat.
Larvae and adults not similar in appearance.
Some spread diseases to humans and livestock.
Some are parasitoids.

37. Order Trichoptera: Caddisflies
Holometabolous metamorphosis: complete.
Winged adults.
Aquatic larvae construct and live in tubes.
Larvae and adults not similar in appearance.
Indicators of water quality.
Caddisfly Adult
Larvae

38. Order Lepidoptera: Moths and butterflies
Adult
Cankerworm Larvae

39. Order Lepidoptera: Moths and butterflies
Holometabolous metamorphosis: complete.
Winged adults.
Larvae and adults not similar in appearance.
Most larvae feed on plant tissue.
Many moths are pests; most butterflies are not.

40. Order Hymenoptera: Sawflies, wasps, bees, ants
Larvae
Sawfly Adults

41. Order Hymenoptera: Sawflies, wasps, bees, ants
Holometabolous metamorphosis: complete.
Membranous wings.
Winged adults.
Larvae and adults not similar in appearance.
Sawflies are phytophagous.
Some wasps are parasitoids.
Many wasps, bees, and all ants are social.