1. Mosquito Breeding Habitats in SSP in Gujarat

2. Relationship of Poverty with Malaria in the Indian
States Below Poverty Line in
Total
malaria
cases
in India
% Malaria
cases in
BPL states
% P. vivax
cases
in BPL
states
Total
P. falci-
parum
cases
in India
% P.falci-parum
cases
in BPL states
% NAMP
population
in BPL states
at risk of
malaria
Total
malaria
cases
in BPL
states
Total
P. vivax
cases
in India
Year
, , , ,
, , , ,
,166, ,843, ,436, ,
,898, ,055, ,310, ,
,864, , ,319, ,
,018, , ,266, ,
,296, ,465, ,503, ,
,019, ,404, , ,047,

3. Malaria and Poverty Malaria-wheels within wheels
Malaria- a development issue
Malaria control should rely on poverty alleviation for human development, social security & sustainable environment

4. Malnad 50,000 Sq Km Area MALNAD REGION, INDIA
Dense Forests were replaced by coffee plantations.
An. fluviatilis transmitted malaria disappeared. Malnad is healthy.
Malnad
50,000 Sq Km Area
MALNAD REGION, INDIA

5. MALARIA IN PUNJAB
Malaria epidemic in Punjab in 1908 caused 300,000 deaths in 20 million populations over a period of three years.
Malaria in Punjab flares up after July-August rains. The malaria mortality figures of Punjab from revealed that in years majority of malaria peaks were followed by 8-year cycle.
The relationship of rainfall with malaria was investigated and epidemic forecasting methods were developed in Punjab.
Irrigation changed the malaria epidemiology and the region was converted to endemic malaria.

6. Rice Cultivation and Malaria in Punjab
% Share of Cropped Area % %

7. Bioenvironmental Malaria control at the Indian Oils Ltd. Mathura, U.P.

8. Bioenvironmental Malaria Control in BHEL and IDPL, Hardwar, Uttranchal

9. Malaria Outbreak in Bargi Dam area in Narayanganj PHC, M.P.
Dam impounded
Dam
Dam completed

10. Malaria Control in Karnataka in Partnership with PHC System
Major silk producing region. Farmers unwilling to allow the use of DDT
High malaria incidence and deaths
Major Breeding habitats of An. culicifacies
Wells: Species A (Vector Species)
Streams: Species B (Non-Vector Species)
All wells mapped and fishes released
Malaria cases declined sharply

11. Impact of Fishes on Malaria
Population in
93 villages
Malaria cases
Malaria cases

13. Rise of malaria in DDT sprayed villages
Rise of malaria in DDT sprayed villages. In 1998 fishes were released in problem villages.
Population 52554
38 problem villages
Fishes released
Malaria Cases

14. Impact of SP spraying (1996-98) on Malaria
Impact of SP spraying ( ) on Malaria. In 2002 fishes were released to control mosquitoes
Population in 4 PHCs
1.3 million
SP Spraying
No Spraying
Fishes
Malaria cases

15. SITUATION ANALYSIS OF BETUL DISTRICT, MADHYA PRADESH
Total malaria cases
P. falciparum cases
Chloroquine Tablets in Lakhs
Year
DDT sprayed in mt against 200 mt
% Coverage
1990
496 91
1991
949
281
1992
4.00
2.0
5.00
805
196
1993
1.60
0.8
5.10
626
213
1994
4.90
3.0
5.40
1503
602
1995
2.30
1.0
6.20
1820
739
1996
7.40
3.5
7.70
2290
662
1997
9.90
5.0
9.80
5279
1764
1998
14.9
7.5
9.60
8872
3340
1999
10.2
5.0
13.88
14133
3919
2000
18.0
9.0
20.30
16764
7126

16. Bioenvironmental Control of Malaria in Betul District, Madhya Pradesh
Results of Monitoring Malaria Incidence in Betul District

17. Impact of Fishes on Malaria (Rise in 2000 was due to epidemic in adjacent villages)
Population in
160 villages
Malaria cases

18. Interventions Started in 1997
Impact of Bioenvironmental Interventions in 100 million population in Maharashtra
Interventions Started in 1997
Total Malaria Cases
P. falciparum Cases

19. Impact of Fishes on Malaria
Population in
93 villages
Malaria cases
Malaria cases

20. Interventions Started in 1997
Impact of Bioenvironmental Interventions in 100 million population in Maharashtra
Interventions Started in 1997
Total Malaria Cases
P. falciparum Cases

21. Editorial
United against malaria
“WHO’s Global Malaria Eradication Campaign achieved some notable successes but it also proved that, without a much more flexible and variable strategy combined with poverty reduction, self reliance and sound environmental management, the war against this disease could not be won.”
Dr. Hiroshima Nakajima
Director General of WHO
World Health. 51st Year, No.3, May-June 1998

23. Dr. Halfdan Mahler, Former Director-General, World Health Organization who initiated the imaginative Small Pox Eradication Programme said “All countries benefit from the fruits of India’s TB research -all countries except India”

24. Health Catastrophe of 21stCentury- Future Impact of Malaria
Malaria problem will prove a great hindrance to socio-economic development in the fields of health, education, land exploitation, mining, road construction, agriculture, tourism et al. leading to greater poverty and under-development

25. SHARPENED OLD TOOLS AND UTILIZATION OF NEW TOOLS AND STRATEGIES WILL PRODUCE MORE FOCUSED AND SUSTAINABLE MALARIA CONTROL

26. New Tools in Malaria Control
MALARIA DIAGNOSIS
Dipstick/pLDH tests
TREATMENT
Artemisinin & Drug Combination
ENVIRONMENT
Health Impact Assessment
VECTOR CONTROL
Situation specific based on stratification, An. Sibling species, Bioenvironmental Methods, Treated Bed Nets, Bacillus thuringiensis, Neem Based Repellents, Selective Spraying

27. REDUCE POPULATION AT THE RISK OF MALARIA
POVERTY ALLEVIATION
STRATEGIES WILL
REDUCE POPULATION AT THE RISK OF MALARIA

28. BETTER QUALITY AND COVERAGE OF HEALTH SERVICES WILL ACHIEVE EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF MALARIA

29. DEFORESTATION WILL DISLODGE HIGHLY EFFICIENT VECTORS OF MALARIA
Example: Anopheles dirus

30. HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT WILL BECOME MANDATORY AND THIS WILL REDUCE RECEPTIVITY TO MALARIA

31. ENHANCED COMMUNITY AWARENESS WILL HELP IN MALARIA PREVENTION AND EARLY CASE DETECTION AND PROMPT TREATMENT

32. NEW DIAGNOSTICS, DRUGS, DRUG COMBINATIONS WILL REDUCE MALARIA FROM EVEN THE MOST DIFFICULT TERRAINS

33. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Late Professor V. Ramalingaswami, FRS Professor M. G
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Late Professor V.Ramalingaswami, FRS Professor M.G.K. Menon, FRS THE INDIAN COUNCIL OF MEDICAL RESEARCH THE NATIONAL ANTI MALARIA PROGRAMME HEALTH DEPARTMENTS OF THE STATE GOVERNMENTS SCIENTISTS AND TECHNICAL STAFF OF THE MALARIA RESEARCH CENTRE AND ITS FIELD STATIONS NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATING INSTITUTIONS