1. Brief Response
What early steps did the Johnson administration take to continue John Kennedy’s policies?
Great Society
War on Poverty programs
Education programs
Job training programs
Inner city recovery programs
Rural development programs

2. Taking on Segregation
700

3. Today’s goal
Millions of African Americans and some others had been subject to abusive, unequal treatment and lives with limited opportunities.
In the 1950s, the anti-segregation movement erupted, meeting more success than failure.
The US government under presidents Eisenhower and Kennedy gave increasing enforcement of pro-equality court decisions and legislation.

4. Vocabulary Thurgood Marshall
One of the lead NAACP lawyers who won 29 out of 32 civil rights cases in the Supreme Court, weakening legal segregation
1946: Morgan v. Virginia —no segregation on interstate buses.
1950: Sweatt v. Painter —state law schools must admit Black students.

5. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
1954, landmark SCOTUS decision, ordering desegregation of all public schools.
8 year-old, Linda Brown was denied admission to her neighborhood school, four blocks away, and forced to go to a Black school 21 blocks away.
“in the field of public education, the doctrine of separate but equal has no place.” -- Chief Justice Earl Warren. (video 1)
Reversed the 1896, Plessy v. Ferguson, allowing “separate but equal” discrimination.

6. Rosa Parks
1955, a seamstress and officer in the local NAACP chapter, Montgomery, Alabama.
In an effort to get attention to the segregation in Montgomery, Alabama’s public transit system, she broke the law.
She refused to give up her seat to a White rider.
She was arrested
The event drew national attention and led to the Montgomery bus boycott. Video 2

7. Martin Luther King, Jr.
Baptist minister chosen to lead the Montgomery Improvement Association and the bus boycott, in 1955, upon the news of Rosa Park’s arrest.
Though reluctant, he gave it a try…..
People found him an eloquent and passionate speaker.
He was arrested for his leadership, more than once…..
The boycott was successful after just over a year. Video 3

8. Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
1957, King and other ministers and civil rights leaders organized it.
“To carry on nonviolent crusades against the evils of second-class citizenship.”
Churches used for meetings and organization:
Protests
Demonstrations
Attract members of all age groups
The main coordinator was Ella Baker…..

9. Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
Started by Baker and students from Shaw University.
People pronounced it “snick”
They felt the movement was progressively slow and wanted to speed it up with aggressive protest.
They risked much with sit-ins at White-only food counters.
Representative John Lewis and Dr. Julian Bond reflect video 4

10. Sit-in A civil disobedience tool used by CORE in the early ‘40s.
In 1960, SNCC protesters, illegally sat down at the White-only lunch counter, in the Woolworth’s, in Greensboro, NC, over a period of days.
They made sure to invite the press.
They were beaten, jeered at, had food and garbage poured over them.
They refused to fight back
It encouraged other sit-ins across the South and, later, the North video 5.

11. End hwk
Begin class work

12. p. 701, analyzing effects
Since the Court ruled that segregation was not unconstitutional by Plessy v. Ferguson, many states, especially in the South, passed segregationist Jim Crow Laws.

13. p. 701, geography skillbuilder
Segregated
The South
Segregation prohibited
The Industrial Northeast
Northeastern Midwest
The Pacific Northwest

14. p. 702, developing historical perspective
Blacks had experienced better job opportunities
Many veterans who had fought racist Germany wanted to resist racist Americans
Civil rights groups had staged some successful protests.

15. . 703, making inferences
Some Southern Whites and state officials resisted desegregation and neither the president nor Congress forced them to act quickly.

16. p. 703, analyzing causesp
The Brown decision said that segregation has no place in public education, so all public schools must desegregate.

17. p. 704, making inferences
Television allowed people to see the White separatists’ cruel treatment of the African American students.
The “Little Rock Nine” video 6

18. p. 705, synthesizing
Parks’ refusal to yield her seat to a White man led to a citywide bus boycott
It also brought Martin Luther King, Jr. to prominence

19. p. 706, evaluating
It organized protests and demonstrations to promote civil rights.

20. p. 707, 3, evaluating
Nonviolent protests, including the Montgomery bus boycott and sit-ins, alerted people to the problem of racism while capturing their sympathy
Television coverage depicted the extent of the problem.

21. p. 707, 4, contrasting
The students confronted business that had segregationist policies instead of boycotting them.

22. p. 707, 5, drawing conclusions The Little Rock High School Crisis
It forced the government to act
The Montgomery bus boycott
It brought Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., into a leadership role.

23. Brief Response
What were the steps taken to turn segregation around and attempt to end it?