1. CHEM 121 Chapter 8
Winter 2015

2. Mixtures Heterogeneous mixture: Homogeneous mixture: Solution:
Colloid:

3. Solutions
Solution =
Solute
Solvent

4. Types of Solutions
Colloids:
Suspensions:

5. Solubility Most ionic and polar substances __________________
Most nonpolar substances _______________________
___________ can be endothermic or exothermic

6. Solvation - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + +
Example: NaCl - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + + - - - + + +

7. Solubility
Amount of solute that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent
Solubility rules
p. 247

8. Temperature and Solubility
As T increases….
Fig. 7.3

9. Pressure and Solubility

10. What dissolves?
Gases form solutions easily
Solids and liquids:

11. Concentration
Volume Percent =
Weight/Volume Percent =

12. 3-minute Practice
The amount of alcohol in a bottle of wine is labeled 13.5% (v/v). How much alcohol is in the entire 750. mL bottle?

13. ppm and ppb
Parts per million = =

14. Molarity Molarity (M) =
What is the molarity of the solution created when you dissolve 2.5 g of NaOH in 100. mL of solution?

15. 3-minute Practice
How many grams of NaOH would you have to dissolve in water to make 100. mL of a 1.0 M solution?

16. Dilution Add more water: Volume? Concentration? Amount of solute?
Number of moles of solute?

17. 3-minute Practice
Suppose you have a 1.0 M NaOH solution, but you want a 200. mL of a 0.25 M NaOH solution. How would you make this solution?

18. Aqueous Reactants You have 250 mL of 1.0 M NaOH. How many moles NaOH?
How much 0.2 M H2SO4 solution would you need to completely react the NaOH?

19. 5-minute Practice
You have: 200. mL of 2.0 M H2SO4 and 500. mL of 1.5 M NaOH
How much water (g) can you make?
Hints:
Go to moles of each
Determine which is limiting!

20. Electrolytes
Electrolyte:
Nonelectrolytes:

21. Colligative Properties
Properties that change based on dissolved concentration
Boiling point elevation:
Freezing point depression:
Osmotic pressure:

22. 5-minute practice
You fill a pot with 320. g of NaCl and enough water to total 1.50 L of solution. What is the boiling point of this solution?

23. Membranes
Semipermeable:

24. Osmosis
Osmosis:

25. Dialysis: