1. Seven Years’ War The French and Indian War
Chapter 4
Seven Years’ War
The French and Indian War

2. evidence of the rivalry among the European nations
the British and the American colonists fought against the French and their Indian allies

3. Causes both countries claimed land
both wanted access to the beaver pelt trade
both wanted the fertile fishing grounds in Canada
Protestant British settlers felt that the French Catholics represented a threat to their religious freedom
Causes

4. Who wants the new land in North America?
England
France
Spain
Netherlands
Not just wanting control of particular sections, wanting control of all.
Competing for land and trade all over the globe.

5. the English colonies felt most threatened by France
New France included:
St. Lawrence River west to Great Lakes
South to Gulf of Mexico
many forts
Built forts to stop English from spreading West.
Wanted to keep land for the important fur trade.

6. Most conflicts were over land in the Ohio River Valley.
French
fur trappers
traders
Allies
Algonquins
Hurons
English
farmers
Allies
Iroquois
Joseph Brant
William Johnson
French – had not stripped land to farm on, had even married Indian women
English – cleared land and ignored Indian rights
William Johnson – one of the few English settlers with an Indian wife, respected by Indians (Molly Brant)
Molly Brant- sister to Joseph Brant a Mohawk chief (Thayendanegea)

7. English Leader – George Washington from Virginia
was sent to build a fort where the Monongahela and Allegheny rivers meet to form the Ohio River
France already had a fort there – Fort Duquesne
Washington surrendered and the French released the English
Washington – only 22
built Fort Necessity – a makeshift stockade; surrenders

8. Albany Plan of Union
seven colonies gathered in Albany, New York to confirm an alliance with Iroquois
wanted to form a plan to unite the colonies in defense
proposed by Benjamin Franklin
Grand Council – would have a representative from each colony with delegates elected by their colonial legislature
create one general government in the colonies
English: This political cartoon (attributed to Benjamin Franklin) originally appeared during the French and Indian War, but was recycled to encourage the American colonies to unite against British rule.

9. would make laws, raise taxes, set up defense system
not one colonial assembly approved the plan
colonies did not want to give up their powers to others.
was rejected, but would provide a model for the later government of the United States

10. British Gen. Edward Braddock
led colonial troops to attack and destroy Fort Duquesne
came to the Americas with units of the regular army
would suffer a humiliating defeat
Braddock – overly confident, ignored warnings from Indian scouts

11. the Native Americans launched a surprise attack
were picking off the British soldiers in their bright red uniforms
Braddock had 5 horses shot out from under him until he was fatally wounded
Washington was nearly killed
nearly 70% of Braddock’s troops were killed or wounded
the British feared that the Iroquois would abandon them (they didn’t)

12. a military stalemate developed
George II – did not want to get involved to organize and finance a sustained military campaign
Colonial Assemblies – did not want to offer men or money to the effort
war was declared anyway
in England the French and Indian War was called the Seven Year’s War

13. William Pitt most powerful minister in George’s cabinet
took personal command of the army and navy and began mapping military strategy
was determined to expel the French from the continent
decided that the main conflict would occur in the colonies
both countries were struggling to control colonial markets and raw materials
William Pitt

14. Pitt promised large payments for military services and supplies to gain colonial support for war
Britain would have to foot most of the bill, which would create an enormous national debt

15. France won important victories, capturing Fort Oswego and Fort William Henry
Britain - captured Louisbourg
- most important fort in French Canada
- under the direction of Jeffrey Amherst and James Wolfe two young, talented, and ambitious officers selected by Pitt
this victory cut an important supply line for the French Canadians
New France could no longer meet the military demands

16. The French forts of the Ohio River Valley and the Great Lakes began to fall.
Fort Duquesne was abandoned and renamed Fort Pitt; which would eventually become the city of Pittsburgh.

17. British continue to win
the Marquis de Montcalm retreated toward Quebec and Montreal
the British captured Fort Niagara, Crown Point, Fort Ticonderoga, and
Quebec – the capital of New France
The fall of Quebec
was the end for
New France.
Quebec – vital point, supplied forts farther up river
Sat on a steep cliff on the edge of the Plains of Abraham.
Montcalm – crept at night, crossed river, and went quietly up the steep cliff wall to surprise the French

18. Battle of Quebec James Wolfe – British commander now a major general
began assaulting Quebec with 9,000 troops
realized that force of arms would not bring victory and began planning a well prepared attack

19. ferried men across the Saint Lawrence River
under dark they crept to a back trail and scaled a cliff to dominate a less well defended position
French speaking soldiers in the front boats helped to dispatch sentries
at sunup there were 3,500 troops on the Plains of Abraham, taking the French by surprise on September 13, 1759

21. both Wolfe and Montcalm were mortally wounded
on September 8, 1760 Amherst accepted the final surrender of the French army at Montreal

22. The Death of General Wolfe

23. Treaty (Peace) of Paris of 1763
marked end of French power in North America
Britain gained Canada and all French lands east of the Mississippi River (except for New Orleans)
France keeps two islands in Gulf of St. Lawrence and islands in West Indies

24. Spain (on French side) gave up Florida to Britain
Spain received all French land west of the Mississippi River
Spain gained the port city of New Orleans

25. Strained Relations
British thought the colonists did not provide enough support for the long and costly war that Britain fought to protect them
French no longer held the area west of the Appalachian Mountains; so colonists saw no reason for them not to expand and prosper on their own without British help
Jumonville Glen, Pennsylvania, site of the skirmish that began the French & Indian War