1. Behavioral and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies

2. The Behavioral Approaches
Behavior, Learning, Social Context
People’s unique learning histories
Commonalities in rules, values, and learning histories
Principles of learning
Behavioral consistency vs. behavioral specificity

3. Three Main Versions 1). Classical Conditioning (Respondent Learning)
Joseph Wolpe,
Hans Eysenck
emphasize the association of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli

4. 2). Operant Conditioning
B.F. Skinner
Functional Analysis : focus on describing and explaining functional relationships among stimuli, responses, and consequences
3). Social-Cognitive (Cognitive-Behavioral) Theories
a). Albert Bandura
Observational Learning
Self-Efficacy

5. ABC Functional Analysis
Antecedent
Event Behavior Consequence
organismic variable

6. Cognitive Social Learning Person Variables(Table 2.2, p.49)
b). Walter Mischel
Cognitive Social Learning Person Variables(Table 2.2, p.49)
Competencies, Encoding Strategies and Personal Construct, Expectancies, Subjective Value, Self-Regulatory Systems and Plans
c). Aron Beck
Cognitive Theory of Depression

7. d). Seligman et al.
Attribution (Habitual explanations)
Internality, Stability, Globalness
e). Albert Ellis
Rational-Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT)
Irrational Beliefs : “should” statement, unrealistically high standards

8. Behavior Therapy
May be regarded as the attempt to apply data from behavioral science research to the process of behavior change for remediation and treatment for individuals experiencing difficulty in coping with problems of living (Walker et al., 1981)
Learning-theory approach to therapy

9. Assumptions of behavioral approach
1). Any behaviors are developing through the same law of learning
2). Therapy methods should be guided by the results of research on learning
3). Aimed at modifying overt, maladaptive behaviors, as well as the cognitions, physical changes, & emotions that accompany overt behavior

10. 4). Treatment should address client’s current problems by dealing with the contemporary environmental forces, learned habits, and cognitive factors that maintain them
5). Commitment to the experimental evaluation of treatment
Learning-oriented, empirical, here and now

11. The beginnings of behavior therapy
The term behavior therapy first appeared in a paper (Lindsley, Skinner, & Solomon, 1953)
Groundwork 1920s
studying the role of conditioning and learning in development of anxiety
Ivan Pavlov experimental neuroses
J.B. Watson & Rosalie Rayner(1920) little Albert
Mary Cover Jones(1924)

12. What is behavior? 1). Respondents : antecedent-controlled
somatic reflexes, emotional reaction, sensations
2). Operants : consequence-controlled
actions, instrumental responses, cognition
a). Behavioral excesses, b). Behavioral deficits,
c). Behavioral anomalies, d). Behavioral assets

13. Behavior therapy Behavior modification
Martin & Pear
Behavior therapy Behavior modification
1). Pavlovian-Hullian Skinnerian tradition
-Wolpean tradition
2). Clinical Nonclinical
3). Therapeutic setting Natural setting
4). Experimental foundation Experimental foundation
based on clinical setting based on animal or human
operant research
5). European tradition American tradition

14. Systematic Desensitization
Joseph Wolpe (1958)
Rationale : Reciprocal Inhibition
responses incompatible with anxiety
1). deep muscle relaxation, 2). interpersonal assertion, 3). sexual arousal
combination of 1). counter-conditioning & 2). extinction

15. Procedures of SD 1). Diagnosis evaluation
History Taking, Behavioral Inventory…
2). Hierarchy construction
Anxiety hierarchy (table 7.2, p.247)
3). Teaching anxiety-inhibiting responses
Progressive relaxation training(Jacobson, 1938)
4). Conducting the therapy session
Imagery (imagination training)
In vivo

16. Exposure Techniques
Exposed to the most anxiety-provoking stimulus for an extended period of time
Rationale : Extinction
Implosion Therapy : Thomas Stampfl(1957)
use of hypothetical construction
Flooding : (Polin, 1959)
use to objective anxiety-related stimuli
Combine with Response Prevention

17. Social Skills Training
Social skill deficits
Assertiveness Training
appropriate expression of feeling in ways that do not infringe upon the rights of others
1). Teach clients how to express themselves appropriately
2). Eliminate cognitive obstacles to clear self-expression

18. Modeling Observational Learning (Bandura, 1969) 1). Attention process
2). Retention process
3). Motor production process
4). Incentive & motivation process
Model Characteristic : similarity, high status, be rewarded for their actions
Participant Modeling

19. Aversion Therapy
A set of techniques in which painful or unpleasant stimuli are used to decrease the probability of unwanted behaviors
Rationale :
1). Punishment
2). Escape and Avoidance Conditioning
3). Classical Conditioning
Debate problems

20. Contingency Management
Behavior modification procedures
Rationale : Status of Stimulus
present(+) removed(-)
Nature positive positive indirect
of (+) reinforcement punishment
Stimulus negative direct negative
(-) punishment reinforcement

21. Reinforcer Reinforcer vs. Punisher Primary vs. Secondary Reinforcer
Social Reinforcer
Choice rules
1). Personal values & needs
2). Premack Principle
3). Trial & error

22. Schedules of Reinforcement
Continuous reinforcement(CRF)
Intermittent reinforcement (Partial)
1). Ratio schedule
a). Fixed ratio schedule(FR)
b). Variable ratio schedule(VR)
2). Interval schedule
a). Fixed interval schedule(FI)
b). Fixed variable schedule(VI)
Extinction

23. Shaping
successive approximation
Time Out
a special sample of extinction
Contingency Contract
five components: 1). Responsibilities, 2). Rewards, 3). Monitoring system, 4). Bonuses, 5). Penalties for failure
Response Cost

24. Token Economies
A system for implementing the principles of contingency management to alter a variety of behaviors
Four elements
1). Target behaviors
2). Token system
3). Back-up reinforcers
4). Rules of exchange governing

25. Biofeedback
Behavioral methods used to control heart rate, blood pressure, muscle tension, & physiological responses are known as biofeedback
Monitor & feedback apparatus
meter reading, graph, or auditory signal
Used to treat several clinical disorders

26. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy(CBT)
Cognitive therapy : directed toward changing clients’ maladaptive cognition
The behavioral and cognitive approaches have tended to merge, called CBT
1). Beck’s Cognitive Therapy
approach to treatment of depression

27. 2). Rational Emotive behavior Therapy(REBT) Albert Ellis ABC Model
(Activating event) (Belief) (emotional consequence)
D (Dispute)
E F
(Effect) (new Feeling)

28. 3). Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)
Marsha Linehan
Borderline Personality Disorder
helps the client confront any traumatic experiences
4). Relapse Prevention
Alan Marlatt & Judith Gordon
Alcoholism & Substance Use Disorder
teach the client to monitor risky cognition and to replace them with different thinking strategies

29. 5). Cognitive Behavior Modification(CBM)
Meichenbaum, D.
Self-talk or Self-instruction
Coping-Skills Programs
Stress Inoculation Training (SIT)
a). Conceptualization Phase
b). Skill Acquisition & Rehearsal Phase
c). Application Phase