1. LHC Upgrades: Detectors & Technologies for Flavour Physics
Three Critical technologies for flavour physics
Triggering
Particle Identification (RICH)
Vertex Detectors
Emphasis on Areas of UK involvement

2. Luminosity & Timescales
ATLAS & CMS Phase 1&2, LHCb upgrade
Later in next decade
Goals:
GPDs
3000 fb-1 Super-LHC L = 1035 cm-2s-1
400 interactions / crossing
LHCb (timescale indep. of SLHC)
100 fb-1, from 5 years at L = 2 ×1033 cm-2s-1
5 interactions / crossing
Leading positions in ATLAS, CMS, LHCb upgrades
SoIs approved by PPAN for all three projects
Chris Parkes, University of Glasgow PPAP Meeting, July 2009

3. CMS – double sensor layers
Triggering
Strong UK Involvement
Tracking Trigger modifications for upgrades
LHCb: Displaced vertex triggering at 40MHz
CMS/ATLAS: investigating track triggers
CMS – double sensor layers
Upper Sensor
Lower Sensor
Pass
Fail
~100μm
~1mm
ATLAS
Sensor spacing at Pt cut
Di/triple µ triggers
Single µ and e L1 trigger
rates will greatly exceed 100kHz
Also look at Region of
Interest approach
Investigating µµµ, Bsµµ
Chris Parkes, University of Glasgow PPAP Meeting, July 2009

4. LHCb Trigger System Cope with multiple interactions / beam crossing
Existing 1st Level Trigger 1MHz readout
based on:
High pT Muons
Calorimeter Clusters
Current 1st Level Trigger Performance
Require Displaced
Vertex Trigger
At 1st level
40MHz readout of
detector
Events with muons
– trigger efficient
Events with hadrons
– need improved
trigger
Chris Parkes, University of Glasgow PPAP Meeting, July 2009

5. Particle Identification – LHCb RICH
UK involvement:
Calorimeter (CMS)
Calo trigger (ATLAS &CMS)
Cherenkov (LHCb, NA62)
Before
RICH
After
RICH
Retain current performance at high occupancy with 40MHz readout
Chris Parkes, University of Glasgow PPAP Meeting, July 2009

6. UK 76% project, 7 institutes
RICH design - baseline
UK 76% project, 7 institutes
RICH Baseline
Similar to current layout: Higher p / Lower p
40MHz readout photon detectors
RICH1
Three radiators for momentum coverage GeV
Perfomance of Aerogel (low p) being simulated
Chris Parkes, University of Glasgow PPAP Meeting, July 2009

7. RICH Design - alternatives
Super-RICH
Time of flight RICH
Super-RICH
One combined RICH, two radiators
Around current RICH2 position
Time of Flight RICH
Quartz plate
~20 ps timing required
K/π separation up to ~ 20 GeV/c
Chris Parkes, University of Glasgow PPAP Meeting, July 2009

8. Photon Detector Technology
Multi-Anode PMTs
Flat Panel PMTs
Micro-Channel Plates
Hybrid Photon Detectors
As current – external chip
Considerations:
Quantum efficiency
Cross-talk between channels
Gain variation
Mag. field sensitivity
Lifetime
Commercial Availability
Cost, reliability
Also potential UK
manufacturer for MCP (Photek)
Flat-panel
Hammamatsu
MCP
Burle-Photonis
For ToF RICH
Chris Parkes, University of Glasgow PPAP Meeting, July 2009

9. Material budget critical
Vertexing
Bs time dependent analysis but also background suppression
Not just resolution, low mass critical
Fast use in triggering
CMS
tracker
LHCb VELO
40fs proper-time
resolution
8mm from beam
BsDsK
Material budget critical
Chris Parkes, University of Glasgow PPAP Meeting, July 2009

10. UK Silicon Detector System Expertise
Major LHC silicon detectors produced in UK
ATLAS SCT
LHCb VELO
CMS APV
Sensors
Mechanics
Electronics
Assembly
Alignment/Metrology
Software
Quality Assurance
DAQ
Commisioning
11 UK institutes
25% modules
Assembly
25 UK institutes
100% modules
& replacement
2 UK institutes
FE chip &
readout system
Major Si
system
replacement
for upgrades
(Phase II)
Significant components produced in UK industry
Strong possibilities for Economic Impact initiatives
Chris Parkes, University of Glasgow PPAP Meeting, July 2009

11. Enabling Technologies
Low-mass Thermo-Mechanical
Novel processing technologies
SiC foam
PocoFoam
(Low-mass)
ATLAS
CF, TPG
CVD Diamond
TSV
BCB
LHCb
Through Silicon Vias
Dielectric Layer
Radiation Hard Sensors, MeV neutron equiv./ cm2
Planar n-in-p 3D
UK lead in
RD50 activities
Chris Parkes, University of Glasgow PPAP Meeting, July 2009

12. ATLAS – replacement B Layer (insert 2014)
For main silicon tracker discussion – see M. Weber talk tomorrow
Chris Parkes, University of Glasgow PPAP Meeting, July 2009

13. LHCb Pixel Strawman Retract During LHC Injection Beam aperture
390 mrad
LHCb Pixel Upgrade Layout
60 mrad
modules x z
cross section at y=0
15 mrad
interaction region
s = 5.3 cm
LHCb Pixel Module
Retract During LHC Injection
Beam aperture
7mm to active silicon
Hybrid / Cooling
outside acceptance
Chris Parkes, University of Glasgow PPAP Meeting, July 2009

14. Thanks to Roger Forty, Ken Wyllie, Maria Smizanska, Geoff Hall
Summary
UK in leading position for LHC upgrades
Clear path to upgrades, R&D underway
Key technologies under development
Triggering
LHCb: 40MHz readout, displaced vertex trigger
ATLAS/CMS: track trigger, then 100kHZ readout
Particle ID (RICH)
UK major player, simulating alternative designs
Key RICH technology is photon detectors
Vertexing & Tracking
Primary UK expertise in Si detector systems
Strategic importance to UK particle physics
Thanks to Roger Forty, Ken Wyllie, Maria Smizanska, Geoff Hall
Chris Parkes, University of Glasgow PPAP Meeting, July 2009

15. ATLAS Backup Slides Thanks to Maria Smizanska, Phil Allport
Chris Parkes, University of Glasgow PPAP Meeting, July 2009

16. ATLAS Tracker Upgrade Layout
Barrel Pixel Tracker Layers:
Short Strip (2.4 cm) -strips (stereo layers):
Long Strip (9.6 cm) -strips (stereo layers):
r = 3.7cm, 7.5cm, 16cm, 20cm
r = 38cm, 49cm, 60cm
r = 75cm, 95cm
(≤400 collisions per beam crossing)
Tracker Radiation Field
Chris Parkes, University of Glasgow PPAP Meeting, July 2009

17. Tracking performance for low pT muons in upgraded ID and pileup up to 400
Presented with permission of Jeff Tseng
Chris Parkes, University of Glasgow PPAP Meeting, July 2009

18. LVL1 muon trigger rates at SLHC Aleandro Nisati
LVL1 muon trigger rates at SLHC
Aleandro Nisati
SLHC-ATLAS-Muon Meeting ( )
In CMS triple Level-1muon trigger rate – lower by factor 100 vrt di-muon
This is used to trigger e.g. on tau-3muons. Comment by M.Smizanska
Chris Parkes, University of Glasgow PPAP Meeting, July 2009

19.
Another way of controlling L1 trigger muon rates –– comment by M.S.
Chris Parkes, University of Glasgow PPAP Meeting, July 2009

20. Chris Parkes, University of Glasgow PPAP Meeting, July 2009

21. CMS backup slides Thanks To Geoff Hall
Chris Parkes, University of Glasgow PPAP Meeting, July 2009

22. BPIX Upgrade Phase 1 (2013)
4 layer pixel system 4, 7, 11, 16 cm  1216 full modules
CO2 cooling based
Ultra Light Mechanics
BPIX modules with long 1.2m long microtwisted pair cables
Shift material budget from PCB & plugs out of tracking eta - region
Modify PSI46 ROC for 160MHz digital readout & Increase depth of buffers
Serialized binary optical readout at 320 MHz to old, modified px-FED
Recycle & use current AOH lasers  320MHz binary transmission
Same FEC’s , identical TTC & ROC programming
Keep LV-power supply & push more current through cables
Chris Parkes, University of Glasgow PPAP Meeting, July 2009

23. BPIX Upgrade Phase 1 (2013)  1216 modules (1.6 x present BPIX)
Chris Parkes, University of Glasgow PPAP Meeting, July 2009

24. The track-trigger challenge
Impossible to transfer all data off-detector for decision logic so on-detector data reduction (or selective readout) essential
The SLHC hit density and high combinatorial background will mean isolation cuts are less effective
Aim not to degrade tracking performance – but trigger layers will need extra power compared to normal layers
What are track-trigger requirements? still under study
electron – Present HLT uses inner tracker point to validate projection from the calorimeter 
muon - a tracker point in a limited -f window to resolve ambiguous muon candidates  & improve pT
jets – information on proximity/local density of high pT hits ?
separation of primary vertices (ie: in ~25cm)
Chris Parkes, University of Glasgow PPAP Meeting, July 2009
Geoff Hall
TIPP09 24

25. Possible approaches
readout
electrodes
send reduced data volume from detector for further logic
eg factor 20 with pT > few GeV/c
(1) cluster width information to eliminate low pT tracks (F Palla et al)
simple but thinner sensors may limit
(2) Compare pattern of hits in contiguous sensor elements in closely spaced layers
pT cut set by angle of track in layer
Upper Sensor
Lower Sensor
Pass
Fail
~100μm
~1mm
Chris Parkes, University of Glasgow PPAP Meeting, July 2009
Geoff Hall
TIPP09 25 25

26. Stacked Layer Algorithm Performance
Sensor separation is an effective cut on pT
Width of transition region increases with separation due to:
- pixel pitch
- sensor thickness
- charge sharing
track impact point
Max efficiency decreases with sensor separation due to larger column (z) windows
+ 1mm separation
+ 2mm
+ 3mm
+ 4mm
Increasing
separation
Performance of a stacked layer at R = 25cm
10,000 di-muon events with smearing
Cuts optimised for high efficiency: Row window = 2 pixels
Column window = 3 1mm, 2mm; 4 3mm; 6 4mm
Mark Pesaresi
Chris Parkes, University of Glasgow PPAP Meeting, July 2009 26