1. Warring City-States

2. Rule and Order
City-state or polis was fundamental political unit in ancient Greece
City and surrounding country side
Agora = center of city
Acropolis = fortified business center on top of a hill

3. Political Structure Monarchy Aristocracy
Government ruled by a small group of noble, land owning-families
Sometimes aristocratic rule was disliked, wealthy merchants and artisans take power
Formed Oligarchy -> few powerful people
Looked down on non-Greek foreigners (barbarians)

4. New Army Dorian Age – only rich could afford best weapons and armor
Iron replaces bronze = harder, more common, cheaper
Led to less wealthy people in army
Hoplites = spear and shield
Phalanx = army fighting formation (powerful)

5. Tyrants Seize Power Powerful citizen soldiers
Tyrants take control – very powerful individuals
Very competitive between tyrants
Sparta and Athens are created

6. Sparta and Military Sparta builds military state Conquerors Messenia
Messinians become helots or peasants forced to stay on the land they worked
Gave up half of yearly crop
Revolted
Sparta dedicates itself to creating strong city-state

7. Spartan Gov’t and Society
Two groups governed Sparta
Assembly = free adult males, elected officials
Voted on major issues
Council of Elders
Proposed laws on which assembly voted
Ephors – 5 elected officials who carried out laws
2 Kings ruled over Spartan military
Diverse society

8. Spartan Education Men = military training
Boys left home at age 7 and into barracks
Girls did not receive military
They wrestled and played sports
Everyone believes to put service to Sparta over family
All forms of expression were discouraged
Valued duty, strength, and discipline