1. 2 Chapter
Classes & Objects

2. Structures in C
Example

3. Disadvantages of structure
Standard C does not treat structure as an built- in data type
Suppose we have declared C1,C2,C3 as object of above class at that time we can not perform operation like
C3=C1+C2
Structure do not permit data hiding. All structure members are public members.

4. Structures in C++
C++ support all the features as defined in C, but C++ has some expanded capabilities such as data hiding, Inheritance.
In C++ a structure can have both function and variable as member(declaration)
It also declare some members as private so that they cannot accessed directly by external function.
C++ incorporates all these extension in another user defined type known as Class.

5. What is Class in C++
A class is a way to bind data and its associated function together.
It allows the data and function to be hidden, if necessary.
When defining class we are creating new abstract data type that can be treated as other built-in data type

6. Class specification has two parts:
Class declaration
Class function definition
The class declaration describes the type and scope of its members, The class function definition describe how the class function are implemented

8. Body of a class is enclosed within braces and terminated by semicolon.
The keyword class specifies, that what follows is an abstract data of type class_name
Body of a class is enclosed within braces and terminated by semicolon.
Class body contains declaration of variables and functions
These variabes are collectively called as class members
The keyword PUBLIC and PRIVATE are known as visibility labels
If we don’t specify this label by default they are PRIVATE. 8

10. Example

11. Creating Object Syntax Class_name object_name; Example: item x; OR
item x,y,z //multiple object
We can also create object after class declaration as we do for structures(i.e declaring after semicolon)

12. Defining member function
Member function can be defined in two places”
Outside the class definition
Inside the class definition
The function should perform the same task irrespective of the place of definition.

13. Outside definition:
An important difference between a member function and normal function is that a member function incorporates a membership ‘identity label’ in the header i.e class_name::
This ‘label’ tells the compiler which class the function belongs to.
Syntax

14. Example

15. The member function have special characteristics that are often used in the program development. Characteristics are:
Several different classes can use the same function name. the membership label will resolve their scope.
Member function can access private data of the class
The member function can call another member function directly, without using the dot operator

16. Inside class definition:
Another method of defining member function is to replace the function declaration by the actual function definition.
When function is defined inside class is called as inline function
Normally small functions are defined inside a class.

17. Example

18. Making outside function inline:
when we define member function outside the class definition and still make it inline by just using the qualifier inline in the header line of function definition

19. Memory allocation for object
The memory space for object is allocated when they are declared and not when the class is specified.
This is only partly true the member funaction are created and placed in the memory space olny once when they are defined as a part of class specification
Since all the objects belonging to that class use the same member function,no separate space is allocated for member functions when the objects are created

21. Array of Object
Array of a Variables that are of type class are called array of object.
Syntax:
classname objectname[size];
Example:
employee e1[3];

22. Mememory allocation for array of a object
Name
Age
EMP[0]
EMP[1]
EMP[2]

23. Object as function argument
Object can be used as function arguement and this is done by two ways.
1. A copy of teh entire object is passed to the function
2.Only the address of the object is transferred to the function

24. 1. A copy of teh entire object is passed to the function
The first method is called pass-by-value
A copy of a object is passed to the function any changes made to the object inside the function do not affect the object used to call the function

25. 2.Only the address of the object is transferred to the function
The second method is called pass-by- reference.
When an address of the object is passed, the called function directly work on actual object used in the call.
Any changes made to the object inside the function will reflect in the actual object.

26. Static data members Following are the characteristics of static member
It is initialized to zero when the first object of its class is created. No other initialization is permitted
Only one copy of that member is crated for the entire class and is shared by all the object of that class, no matter how many objects are created

27. It is visible only within class, but its lifetime is the entire program.
Static variables are used to maintain values common to the entire class.
Eg. This can be used as a counter that records the occcurences of all the objects
Syntax:
static datatype variblename;
Eg:
static int a;

28. Static Member function
Like a static member variable we can also have static member function. A member function declared with static keyword is called as static member function. static member function has following characteristics:
1.Static function can have access to only other static members/functions declared in same class
2.Static member function can be called using class name(instead of object) as
Class_name:: function_name;

29. Friend Function
We have seen that private members can't be accessed from outside class. Non member function cannot have access to the private data of a class.
There would be situation where we would like two classes to share particular function.
Eg consider two classes manager and scientist.
We like to use a function income_tax() to operate on object of both d classes.

30. C++ allows the common function to be made friendly with the both the classes to have access to the private data of these classes
To make an outside function “friendly” to a class, we have to simply declare this function as a friend function of that class.
Syntax:
Friend returntype function_name(arguements);
Eg:
Friend void add();

31. The function that is declared with the keyword friend is known as friend function
This function can be defined else where in the program.
The function definition does not use either keyword friend or the scope operator::
A function can be declared as a friend in any number of classes.
A friend function although not a member function, has full access right to the private members of the class

32. A friend function has certain special characteristics:
It is not in the scope of class to which it has been declared as friend
Since it is not in the scope of class, it cannot be us called using object of that class
It can be invoked like a normal function without the help of any object.
Unlike member function it can’t access member names directly and has to use an object name and dot membership operator with each member name

33. It can be declared either in the public or private part of a class without affecting its meaning