1. 25 Years of EAMA EAMA-10 27-30 September 2016, @Seoul, Korea
ー from Regional Cooperation to Regional Coordination ー
Invited Paper
Norio Kaifu 1) , Cai-pin Liu 2) , and Se-Hyung Cho 3)
1) National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Japan
2) Purple Mountain Observatory, China
3) Korean Astronomy and Space Institute, Korea

2. Contents 1. EAMA and its Growth
2. Development of Astronomy in East-Asian Region
3. From Regional Cooperation to Regional
Coordination
4. Summary
Contents

3. 1. EAMA and its Growth 1-1. Start of EAMA
Continuous organization of China-Japan-Korea astronomer’s
meetings was proposed by　Se-Hyung Cho 趙 世衡
“Star Forming Regions”
@ Huangsan, China
Organized by
　　　 Cai-pin Liu 劉 彩品
　　　 Norio Kaifu 海部 宣男
(50 from China, Japan, Korea)

4. 1-2. What is EAMA? Why is EAMA?
1. EAMA and its Growth
1-2. What is EAMA? Why is EAMA?
・ EAMA is an astronomers-based (grassroots) cooperation in EA since 1990.
・ China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan as Core Regions other Asian Countries.
・ We are neighbors living close together, with common cultural background and way of thinking.
・ But before EAMA …… We did not know astronomy in neighboring countries well, and tried to cooperate with US/European countries bypassing each other.
・ EAMA aimed better regional understanding through continuous and systematic cooperation.

5. Overview of EAMA Symposia
(attendee)
　1990 “Star Forming Regions” Huangsan, China (Start of EAMA)　　 （５０）
　1992 “Millimeter-Wave and Infrared Astronomy” Daejeon, Korea （１００）
　1995 “Ground-Based Astronomy in Asia” Tokyo, Japan　　 （２１５）
　1999 “Observational Astrophysics in Asia and its Future” Yunnan, China (118)　　 　
2001 “EAMA Core Meeting” Taipei, Taiwan　(discussion for organizing EAYAM
► 2003 EAYAM ) （６０）
　2004 “Asian View of Cooperation in Astronomy” Seoul, Korea, EAVN Consortium
established and EACOA, ALMA, EAYAM WG proposed （１３０）
► EACOA established, KASI 2005
　2007 “East Asian Network of Astronomy: Research, Education and Popularization” Fukuoka, Japan　　　　 　 （１４０）
2010 “East Asian Network on Astronomy” Shanghai, China （１００）
　2013 “Cooperation on Current and Future Astronomy” Jhongli, Taiwan （１４０）
► EAO was established by EACOA in 2014
　2016　“The 10-th East Asian Meeting on Astronomy” Seoul, Korea

6. 1-3. EAMA Working Policies
1. EAMA and its Growth
1-3. EAMA Working Policies
--- Established in 2nd EAMA (1992) - 6th EAMA(2004)---
● Promote cooperation of astronomy in East Asia
● Promote mutual understanding and exchange
● Promote realistic and effective cooperation
● Organize symposia regularly (once a 3years)
● Organize working groups for various purposes
● East Asian Observatory as a future target

7. 1-4. Proposal of EACOA, and EAO in Future (2004)
1. EAMA and its Growth
1-4. Proposal of EACOA, and EAO in Future (2004)
Present EAMA
(Next Step)
EAMA activities with WGs +
EA Core Observatories Association (EACOA)
(Intermediate Structure)
United Observatories
Funding Agencies
(Future Target)
East Asian Observatory
Proceedings of EAMA-6
@ Seoul 2004, N. Kaifu
A Letter from EAMA-6 which recommended establishment of
EACOA was sent to directors of NAOC, NAOJ, KASI, and ASIAA

8. EACOA was established (2005) EAMA & other cooperation activities
Directors Meeting
EAMA & other cooperation activities
EAMA symposium
EAYAM meetings
EA VLBI Consortium
ALMA EA Consortium
2-m Telescopes WG
EACOA Fellowship
……………
NAOC
Financial & Supporting
Committee
fund
optional/
voluntary/
regular/
donation
KASI
EACOA Office
with
EACOA Funding
ASIAA
EAA News?
NAOJ
Continuous and evolving activities
Conclusion of
MOU for EACOA
at NAOJ, 2015

9. NAOC EACOA EAO EAMA NAOJ KASI ASIAA
1. EAMA and its Growth
1-5. From Grass-root Cooperation to Institute-level Coordination
Proposed Missions of EACOA (2005)
・ Regular directors’ meetings (at least once a year)
・ Promote resource sharing and exchange in EA region
・ Support EAMA and other cooperation activities
・ Coordination in EA for future direction and projects as
stiff platforms
・ “East Asian Observatory” as a future target
　　　　EAO was established by EACOA in 2014
NAOC
EACOA
EAO
Institute level coordination
EAMA
Astronomers level cooperation
NAOJ
KASI
EAYAM, EAVN,
Symposia, WS, etc.
ASIAA
EA Universities & Astronomers Communities

10. 1-6. Establishment of EAO (2014) Roles of East Asian Observatory
1. EAMA and its Growth
1-6. Establishment of EAO (2014)
Roles of East Asian Observatory
Operated by EACOA Observatories: NAOC, NAOJ, KASI, ASIAA
to…..
・ Jointly operate Mauna Kea
・ Involve other large telescopes into joint operation
・ Foresee future new joint projects as a “Third Party”
(⇒ “Report on EAO” by Dr. Paul Ho)
Conclusion of
MOU for EAO, 2014

11. 1-7. Products of 25 years of EAMA
1. EAMA and its Growth
1-7. Products of 25 years of EAMA
● A variety of contacts, exchanges and cooperation
● EAYAM: East Asian Young Astronomers Meeting
● EAVN: East Asian VLBI Network (including KaVA)
● ALMA Regional Consortium (ALMA ARC)
● Site search (toward “East Asian Observatory” site)
● EACOA: East Asian Core Observatories Association
● EAO: Established by EACOA
● ・・・・What comes next?

12. 2. Development of Astronomy in East-Asian Region
2-1. Major Astronomical Institutes/Facilities in Asia-Pacific Region
year institute country/reg. major observing facility
Parkes Australia 64-m Radio Telescope
AAO Australia AAT 3.9-m
NRO Japan (TAO) Nobeyama 45-m & mm- Array
NAOJ Japan NRO, Subaru, VERA, ALMA
ATNF Australia Parks, ATCA, ASKAP
ASIAA Taiwan SMA, AMiBA, ALMA
2000? NCRA India GMRT
NAOC China LAMOST
KASI Korea KVN, ALMA
　 NARIT Thailand TNO 2.4-m

13. 2-2. East-Asian Top-level Facilities VERA 2003- SMA 2004- Hinode 2006-
Subaru 1999-
NRO
AMiBA 2011-
NRO-NMA 1986-
LAMOST 2011-
KVN 2011-
ALMA 2013-

14. 2-3. Publications by NAOJ, ASIAA & KASI ← ASIAA ← NAOC ← KASI
EAMA
1991
EAMA
1993
1994
EAMA
1998
EAMA
2000
2001
EAMA
2003
EAMA
2005
2006
EAMA
2008
2009
EAMA
2011
2012
EAMA
2014
Ref. Annual Reports of
NAOJ, ASIAA and KASI
← ASIAA
・BOAO 1.8m
・Delingha 14m
・Subaru 8.2m
← NAOC
・VERA
・SMA
← KASI
・Yunnan 2.4m
・HINODE/AKARI
・AMiBA
・LAMOST
・KVN
・ALMA
2-3. Publications by
NAOJ, ASIAA & KASI
No. of papers　　

15. 2-4. IAU Individual Members of East-Asian
and Pacific National Members
See rapid increase in
Japan, China, Korea and Taiwan

16. 2-5. IAU Individual Members (2015, Top 32 National Members)
〜 USA: 2766
Red: Asia and Pacific members
Purple: North American members
Blue: European members
Green: Latin American members
Orange: African and Mid-East members

17. 2-6. Jump of Astronomy in East Asia in a Quarter C.： 1990 - 2015
2. Development of Astronomy in East-Asia Region
2-6. Jump of Astronomy in East Asia in a Quarter C.：
　　　 (1990 ⇒ 2015)
　 ・ Number of Core Astronomical Observatories: ⇒
・ Top level Ground-based Telescopes: ⇒ 10
・ Number of EA IAU Individual Members: ⇒ 1700
・ Number of Publications per Year : ⇒
(NAOJ + ASIAA + KASI)
　・Astronomy in East Asian Region was developed dramatically.
　・Cooperation in East Asian Astronomy is now closer, more diverse, and higher-level.
・EACOA established EAO, and role of EACOA/EAO will be important in global astronomy in future.
　・Role of EAMA will change based on these new situation.

18. 3. From Regional Cooperation to Regional Coordination
3-1. Evolution of EA Cooperation
A Consideration on EAMA/EACOA/EAO:
Toward a new Stage of EA Cooperation/Coordination
　・Now we need more robust and stable structure of cooperation.
・We need high “Astronomers level” activities also.
・The role of EACOA should be expanded and strengthened.
　○ EACOA should involve more community power (universities etc).
○ EACOA should establish wider and robust network.
　○ Supporting structure (and Funding ?) of EACOA should be
strengthened.

19. Why “Regional Coordination” in the Era of Global Cooperation?
3. From Regional Cooperation to Regional Coordination
Why “Regional Coordination” in the Era of Global Cooperation?
3-2. Regional Coordination in the Era of Global Coordination
1. Really good international coordination is an equal-footing one,
supported by science & technology of member countries.
2. International cooperation are activated and supported by
international competitions, and such competitive cooperation
works better within the adjacent countries located in the
same region than among countries geographically and
culturally distant. This is why Europe needed the ESO.
3. Huge global projects in 21th Century will be successful, when
they are supported by 1) strong astronomy of each nations,
and by 2) regionally coordinated firm platforms.
4. In fact, ALMA is supported by three regional consortiums;
North America, Europe, and East Asia. It is a very successful
case of global large-scale project.

20. 3-3. Current Ongoing Major Regional Cooperation
3. From Regional Cooperation to Regional Coordination
3-3. Current Ongoing Major Regional Cooperation
VLBI VERA-KVN (Korea + Japan)
East Asian VLBI (Korea + Japan +　China +….)
APT: Asia-Pacific VLBI (Australia + China + Japan + Korea…)
JCMT Mauna Kea (EACOA_EAO: UK, China, Japan,
Korea, Taiwan)
ALMA EA-ARC : East Asian ALMA Research Center
(Japan + Taiwan + Korea + China + ….)

21. 3-3. Planned Major Regional Cooperation
3. From Regional Cooperation to Regional Coordination
3-3. Planned Major Regional Cooperation
Future of Asia-Pacific Astronomy
TMT (Japan, China, India, …)
GMT (Australia, Korea, ….）
SKA (Australia, New Zealand, China, India, …)
SPICA (Japan, Korea, ….)
Antarctic Astronomy (China, Japan, Australia, NZ, … )
　　 Mauna Kea (EACOA: China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan)

22. EACOA 3-3. Future Direction of EAMA and EACOA (Astronomers Level)
3. From Regional Cooperation to Regional Coordination
3-3. Future Direction of EAMA and EACOA
More Important Role of EACOA
(Astronomers Level)
EAMA
EAYAM
(Institutes Level)
EACOA
ASIAA NAOC
NAOJ KASI
Support
Universities
Other Institutes
Institute Level Astronomers Level
EACOA
EAMA
Joint Facilities,
Joint Organizations
(►EAO)
Universities
Other Institutes
EAYAM, EAVN,
Symposia, WS, etc.

23. 3-4. Flow and Evolution of EA Regional Cooperation
3. From Regional Cooperation to Regional Coordination
3-4. Flow and Evolution of EA Regional Cooperation
EAMA (since 1990) : Astronomer level Cooperation
EACOA (since 2005) : Institute level Coordination
EAO （since 2014) : Joint Core Institutes level
　 Coordination
Toward “Third Party” Regional Coordination
(North America, ESO, and EAO)
★ South-East Asia
SEAAN (since 2007, South-East Asia Astronomy Network)
Astronomer & Institute level Cooperation

24. 4. Summary ・ EAMA, started in 1990 as a grassroots cooperation by East
Asian astronomers, brought many important products like
EAYAM, EAVN, EA-ARC, site search, and EACOA.
・ EACOA, institute-level coordination proposed by EAMA and
established in 2005 by four core observatories, provided a
firm platform for coordination of astronomy in EA.
・ EAO, established by EACOA in 2014, operates important
facilities and aims to be a base for future joint large projects.
・ Regional coordination will be a key of global astronomy in
21th Century. EACOA and/or EAO could be a “third party”
regional body in the world, and will be able to act as one of
the equal-footing members of global scale facilities in future.
・ Role of EAMA, as an astronomers based cooperation, would
be to further promote bottom-up activities and to provide
voice of EA astronomers community to EACOA/EAO.
4. Summary

25. Thank you