1. © ORCA Education Limited 2005
Additives
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SHOW tom, tom.acs, 40, 68
PLAY Acknowledge
PLAY Explain
SAY Hello | Hi | Good Day,
SAY I am Tom. | My name is Tom. | I am the VT character Tom.
SAY ^PAUSE=300^ I will provide some extra guidance and information ^PAUSE=300^ during this {prez entation=presentation.} | I will help with some extra information during this {prez entation=presentation.} ^PAUSE=800^
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PLAY Explain2
SAY In this {prez entation=presentation} we will look at additives in food. | Today we will look at additives in food.
SAY ^EMPHASIS^ ^PAUSE=1300^
PLAY Surprised
SAY A lot of people are ^EMPHASIS^very anxious about food additives, ^PAUSE=300^ but additives can be used in food for really good reasons. ^PAUSE=1300^
PLAY Announce2
SAY Just a few technical tips here first.
SAY While we are talking ^PAUSE=300^ you can ^EMPHASIS^Suspend us ^PAUSE=300^ or ask us to ^EMPHASIS^Resume ^PAUSE=300^ by right clicking on us and then choosing ^PAUSE=300^ Suspend ^PAUSE=300^ or Resume ^PAUSE=300^ from the menu.^PAUSE=1300^
PLAY Decline
SAY If you choose ^EMPHASIS^Hide ^PAUSE=300^ we will stop completely! ^PAUSE=1300^
PLAY Sad
SAY ^PAUSE=600^
PLAY Alert
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SAY If you want to see them before the {prez entation=presentation} click on the New Words button.
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© ORCA Education Limited 2005

2. to increase shelf life. *
What are Additives?
Why would you add anything to these cream cakes?
Additives are substances added to food during processing for specific reasons.
There are over 300 listed additives and over 3500 flavourings.
to preserve
to emulsify
to sweeten
to colour
What are the advantages of using additives for the manufacturer and for us?
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SHOW peedy, peedy.acs, 59, 68
PLAY Greet
PLAY GestureLeft
SAY These cream cakes^PAUSE=500^ they look ^EMPHASIS^so good. ^PAUSE=1300^
PLAY LookLeft
SAY They look moist and not dried up. ^PAUSE=300^
LOOP 3=Idle2_2
SAY Not like the crackers ^EMPHASIS^I usually get! ^PAUSE=1300^
PLAY Explain
SAY They have a light texture^PAUSE=300^ and are well risen, ^PAUSE=500^ the cream looks ^PAUSE=300^ ^EMPHASIS^really smooth
MOVE 59, 45
SAY and the chocolate looks nice and gooey.
PLAY Decline
SAY You know they smell ^EMPHASIS^so appetizing. ^PAUSE=1300^
PLAY Confused
SAY So why ^EMPHASIS^are there additives in them? ^PAUSE=1300^
SAY Perhaps the reason they look so good^PAUSE=400^ is partly ^EMPHASIS^because they ^EMPHASIS^do have additives. ^PAUSE=1300^
PLAY Blink
SAY They might have helped the manufacturer get consistent results while making them, ^PAUSE=300^
PLAY Acknowledge
SAY that means they could get the same light and airy texture and the same^EMPHASIS^creamy consistency in the filling.
SAY Then of course their shelf life was extended to several days, ^PAUSE=300^ whereas a homemade version would go ^EMPHASIS^quite stale within a day ^PAUSE=300^ or at least start to deteriorate. ^PAUSE=1300^
SAY Their {flavor=flavour} was improved ^PAUSE=300^ and their smell made them better to eat. ^PAUSE=1300^
PLAY GestureRight
SAY So what are the advantages for the manufacturer and for us? ^PAUSE=1300^
PLAY Announce
SAY The additives helped make them an acceptable food product for our senses ^PAUSE=300^ and make it possible for us to buy these products from the supermarket and others like them. ^PAUSE=600^
SAY We can shop less frequently, ^PAUSE=300^ food can be transported longer distances safely ^PAUSE=300^ and is available out of season ^PAUSE=300^ increasing our choice of foods. ^PAUSE=1300^
PLAY Pleased
SAY So additives will not turn ^EMPHASIS^me into a little green alien.^PAUSE=1300^
PLAY LookDown
PLAY GetAttention
END
to flavour
to increase shelf life. *

3. Additives in Manufacturing
It would be easier to add the coatings.
Why else would this product design team include additives in their products?
That would be healthier with less sugar and fat.
They would not stick to the boxes. *
We could produce a bigger range of products and flavours.
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SHOW tom, tom.acs, 42, 68
PLAY Wave
PLAY Decline
SAY Have you ever walked into a classroom ^PAUSE=300^ after someone has been ^EMPHASIS^sneaking ^PAUSE=300^ a packet of crisps? ^PAUSE=1300^
PLAY Surprised
SAY What a smell! ^PAUSE=1300^
PLAY Confused
SAY What ^EMPHASIS^do they put in them? ^PAUSE=1300^
PLAY Explain
SAY There are the ^EMPHASIS^basic ^PAUSE=300^ plain crisps^PAUSE=300^ but just think of ^EMPHASIS^all the different varieties made possible by the use of additives^PAUSE=300^ to make all those different {flavors=flavours!}
SAY Where would we be without additives? ^PAUSE=1300^
PLAY Announce2
SAY Take for instance a box of chocolates. ^PAUSE=1300^
SAY Would you fancy eating a mint, ^PAUSE=300^ orange ^PAUSE=300^ or coffee cream^PAUSE=300^ if they were all the same{color=colour.} ^PAUSE=1300^
SAY Not very exciting^PAUSE=300^ or very appealing. ^PAUSE=1300^
SAY Without preservatives in some foods such as bread, ^PAUSE=300^ you would have to buy them and eat them within a day before they would go {moldy=mouldy.}
PLAY Explain2
SAY This would be inconvenient to the manufacturer ^EMPHASIS^and to the consumer.
PLAY Explain3
SAY Other foods have additives ^EMPHASIS^just to meet consumer needs^PAUSE=300^ such as instant food products like^PAUSE=400^ pot noodles.
PLAY HandsOnHips
SAY Additives are ^EMPHASIS^obviously ^PAUSE=300^ very convenient^PAUSE=300^ and are there to meet what we want and need. ^PAUSE=1300^
PLAY Think
END

4. Three Types of Additives
Nature Identical
or synthesised which are man-made copies of natural products such as vanillin or caramel.
Artificial
which are man-made but not found in nature
e.g. saccharin (E954) used as an alternative to sugar
Natural
found in a food but used for a specific purpose in another food e.g. beetroot juice (E162) used for colouring ice cream.

5. Safety Issues
All additives are safety checked before use, (they are tested on animals).
Tests are controlled by government agencies such as the Food Advisory Committee.
Their chemical name must be on the food label or listed as ‘permitted antioxidants.’
If they have an “E” prefix they are acceptable in the European Union.
What are some of the safety issues with food additives?
Why do additives make some people hyperactive or cause asthma etc?
Why do alcoholic drinks and unwrapped foods not have to declare additives?
Do you think there has been enough research?

6. Ingredients The cakes were sold packaged in a supermarket.
This is the list of ingredients on the food label for the dairy cream and jam doughnut.
Whipped Cream (32%) (cream, skimmed milk, dextrose,stabilisers: E450, E451)
Strawberry Jam (8%) (sucrose syrup, glucose fructose syrup strawberries, malic acid gelling agent: E440; Acidity regulator: E331)
Wheatflour, Water, Vegetable oil, Egg, Sugar, Yeast, Dextrose, Modified Maize Starch, Wheat Starch, Salt, Soya Flour Flavourings, Acetic Acid
Raising agents: E450, E500; Emulsifiers: E471, E472e, E481; Stabiliser: E466; Flour treatment agent: E300. *
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SHOW tom, tom.acs, 72, 68
PLAY Wave
PLAY Decline
SAY You know additives are ^EMPHASIS^not^PAUSE=300^ a new invention. ^PAUSE=1300^
PLAY Explain
SAY During the middle ages {salt peter=saltpetre} was used to preserve meat. ^PAUSE=1300^
PLAY Explain2
SAY Today we use nitrite.
SAY This avoids meat becoming contaminated with the organism that causes botulism ^PAUSE=400^ and you would ^EMPHASIS^not want to get that! ^PAUSE=1300^
SAY It can be fatal.
PLAY GestureRight
SAY However, people generally want their food to have fewer additives and some could be said to be unnecessary such as {colorings=colourings.} ^PAUSE=1300^
PLAY Confused
SAY Manufacturers seem to think that we will not eat canned peas ^PAUSE=300^ unless they are ^EMPHASIS^bright green! ^PAUSE=1300^
PLAY HandsOnHips
SAY Many foods advertise that their food is made ^EMPHASIS^without artificial {flavorings=flavourings} ^PAUSE=300^ or {colors=colours} ^PAUSE=300^ which may make a difference when choosing at the supermarket.
SAY Perhaps really it is just that some additives ^EMPHASIS^are necessary ^PAUSE=500^ whereas some are not. ^PAUSE=1300^
PLAY Think
END

7. Emulsifiers and Stabilisers
This cream doughnut contains additives to make it a better product including:
Emulsifiers E471,E477, E481 and E322 prevent ingredients from separating out.
They give this baked product a longer shelf life.
Stabilisers E401,E450, E466 and E410 help the ingredients mix.
They give the filling a creamier texture.
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SHOW tom, tom.acs, 42, 68
PLAY Wave
PLAY Announce2
SAY Emulsifiers^PAUSE=200^ are commonly used^PAUSE=200^ in {mayonaise=mayonnaise,} ^PAUSE=300^ low fat spreads ^PAUSE=300^ and salad dressings. ^PAUSE=1300^
PLAY Confused
SAY Oil and water do not mix. ^PAUSE=300^
PLAY Explain
SAY The oil is lighter than water ^PAUSE=300^ and will float to the top. ^PAUSE=1300^
PLAY HandsOnHips
SAY They use emulsifiers in products where oil and water need to ^EMPHASIS^stay mixed. ^PAUSE=1300^
PLAY Explain2
SAY It is a bit complicated ^PAUSE=300^ but emulsifier molecules have a water loving head^PAUSE=1300^ and a water hating tail. ^PAUSE=1300^
SAY The water loving head is ^EMPHASIS^attracted to the water ^PAUSE=400^ and the water hating tail to the oil droplets. ^PAUSE=1300^
SAY The emulsifier molecules therefore, ^PAUSE=300^ ^EMPHASIS^surround the oil droplets ^PAUSE=300^ and prevent them from separating out from the water! ^PAUSE=1300^
SAY Sneaky or what?
PLAY Surprised
SAY I bet you had ^EMPHASIS^no idea there was so much love and hate going on in your {mayonaise=mayonnaise!} ^PAUSE=1300^
SAY Without an emulsifier, ^PAUSE=300^ the oil and water^PAUSE=300^ would soon separate
SAY and that would give you a ^EMPHASIS^really dodgy sandwich.^PAUSE=1300^
END
E322 is lecithin a natural emulsifier found in eggs.
Why does ice cream have emulsifiers and stabilisers?*

8. Preservatives
The Bramley Apple and Custard Doughnut has preservative E203.
This preservative helps prevent the growth of micro-organisms which can cause the doughnut to spoil and cause food poisoning.
The shop can order the cakes in bulk and keep them on the shelves longer.
This gives the customers more choice and variety.
Common preservatives include salt, sugar, vinegar and other acids, nitrates and sulphur dioxide. *
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SHOW peedy, peedy.acs, 51, 68
PLAY Wave
PLAY LookLeft
PLAY GestureLeft
SAY {Its=It’s} those cakes again. ^PAUSE=1300^
PLAY Decline
SAY They would not need so much preservative with me around! ^PAUSE=1300^
SAY When I buy cream cakes they only need preserving as far as the checkout. ^PAUSE=1300^
PLAY Uncertain
PLAY Explain
SAY Preservatives are found in many {pro-cessed=processed} foods with a long shelf life. ^PAUSE=1300^
PLAY Acknowledge
SAY They help to keep food safe by either destroying the micro-organisms which may contaminate the food^PAUSE=300^ or by making them inactive. ^PAUSE=1300^
PLAY Blink
SAY They have some really inventive ways of zapping the little micro-organism critters. ^PAUSE=1300^
PLAY DontRecognize
SAY Sulphur dioxide is a commonly used preservative for many foods^PAUSE=300^ including beer, ^PAUSE=300^ sausages, ^PAUSE=200^ sauces, ^PAUSE=150^ soft drinks^PAUSE=100^ and fruit for jam making. ^PAUSE=1300^
SAY Nitrates are used for preserving ham and bacon ^PAUSE=300^ and for improving the {color=colour} of cured meat. ^PAUSE=1300^
PLAY Think
SAY So what else is there?
PLAY Read
SAY Not a lot of people know this. ^PAUSE=300^ Preservation by adding chemicals is not a new idea. ^PAUSE=600^ Vinegar has been used for ages! ^PAUSE=1300^
PLAY ReadContinued
SAY It says here that acetic acid has a low pH of 3.5 ^PAUSE=300^ and micro-organisms cannot grow in these acidic conditions. ^PAUSE=600^ Salt has also been used to coat food or used in a solution of salt and water. ^PAUSE=1300^
PLAY ReadReturn
SAY Apparently ^PAUSE=300^ the salt reduces the moisture content in the food in which the micro-organisms like to grow. ^PAUSE=1300^
PLAY Alert
SAY Then dried fruit such as apricots have the preservatives of potassium sorbate and sulphur dioxide. ^PAUSE=300^
SAY and sugar is used in high concentrations for jams and marmalade to prevent bacteria from growing. ^PAUSE=1300^ ^PAUSE=1300^
SAY {Crystallized=Crystallised} fruit is preserved by using a strong sugar solution. ^PAUSE=500^ This dries out the fruit by the process of osmosis.^PAUSE=1300^
SAY Good word that osmosis, ^PAUSE=1300^
END

9. Sweeteners
Sweeteners make food sweet while being low in calories and safer for teeth.
Artificial examples are aspartame and saccharin.
Sweeteners are often used in low-calorie drinks.
They are 300 times sweeter than sugar so cannot replace sugar in similar amounts for foods that require bulk.
The cream cakes use sugar for sweetness;
but the jam in the doughnut uses glucose-fructose syrup that can be used in the same quantity as sugar.

10. Flavourings Natural e.g. herbs and spices
Flavourings do not have to be listed on a label.
They must however be correctly described.
e.g. peach-flavour yoghurt has no peach in it but peach flavoured yoghurt must have some.
Flavourings add flavour or restore flavours lost in processing
They can be:
Natural e.g. herbs and spices
Nature Identical e.g. extracted from natural substances
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SHOW tom, tom.acs, 32, 68
PLAY Wave
PLAY GestureLeft
SAY Some people are allergic to {monasodium glutimate=monosodium glutamate} and become dizzy or sick. ^PAUSE=1300^
PLAY Explain
SAY They have to look carefully at the ingredients on {pro-cessed=processed} food ^PAUSE=300^ although sometimes a product may be advertised as {monasodium glutimate=monosodium glutamate} free. ^PAUSE=1300^
PLAY Point45
SAY Are {flavorings=flavourings} necessary? ^PAUSE=800^
SAY Without some additives the food ^EMPHASIS^may taste bland^PAUSE=300^
PLAY LookLeft
SAY We have always used additives for {flavoring=flavouring} ^PAUSE=300^ using herbs and spices. ^PAUSE=1300^
PLAY Explain
SAY Getting these spices to preserve and {flavor=flavour} our food was very important ^PAUSE=300^ and even caused wars in the past. ^PAUSE=1300^
PLAY HandsOnHips
SAY Perhaps really we should look at the way we {pro-cess=process} food^PAUSE=300^ rather than having to add substances to replace the {flavor=flavour} lost in manufacture.^PAUSE=1300^
PLAY Think
END
Artificial e.g. monosodium glutamate not a natural flavour but it makes other flavours stronger. *

11. Antioxidants
Antioxidants are found in a range of foods from bacon to mayonnaise.
They prolong shelf life by stopping fat or oil in food from combining with oxygen and becoming rancid.
Tocopherol (vitamin C) and sulphur dioxide are antioxidants used to extend shelf life.
Antioxidants also slow down enzyme activity in fruit and vegetables which go brown when cut such as ascorbic acid (vitamin C). *
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SHOW tom, tom.acs, 42, 68
PLAY Wave
PLAY Announce2
SAY As the name suggests, ^PAUSE=300^ antioxidants prevent the {pro-cess=process} of oxidation. ^PAUSE=1300^
PLAY Explain
SAY This happens to fat when it is in contact with oxygen in the air, ^PAUSE=300^ turning it rancid which is ^EMPHASIS^very unpleasant ^PAUSE=300^ but also a health risk. ^PAUSE=1300^
PLAY Explain2
SAY These antioxidants are therefore used in foods that ^EMPHASIS^include fat such as cakes and biscuits^PAUSE=300^ as well as {mardgareen=margarine,} ^PAUSE=300^ fats and oils. ^PAUSE=1300^
PLAY Explain3
SAY {vit-amin=Vitamin} E is ^EMPHASIS^also an antioxidant. ^PAUSE=600^ This occurs naturally in eggs, ^PAUSE=300^ nuts, ^PAUSE=200^ seeds, ^PAUSE=150^ cereal products^PAUSE=100^ and vegetable oils,^PAUSE=300^ but not usually in sufficient quantity to be effective, ^PAUSE=300^ so it ^EMPHASIS^can be added. ^PAUSE=1300^
PLAY Point135
SAY {vit-amin=Vitamin} C is also an antioxidant and so fruit such as pears, ^PAUSE=300^ apples^PAUSE=200^ and {banarnas=bananas} can be dipped in lemon juice to stop them from going brown when you are making a fruit salad. ^PAUSE=1300^
PLAY Write
SAY Good tip that one^PAUSE=300^ just made a quick note.^PAUSE=500^
PLAY Think
END

12. Colours Why do we add colours to food?
Some colours are artificial such as titanium dioxide (E171) used in sweets.
To make food more attractive.
Some are natural such as curcumin (E100) which is yellow and beetroot which is red.
Colouring is not allowed in baby food apart from some vitamins that also add colour.
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SHOW peedy, peedy.acs, 72, 28
PLAY LookRight
PLAY LookLeft
SAY ^PAUSE=800^ I feel really at home here, ^PAUSE=600^ with all these nice bright {colors=colours!} ^PAUSE=1300^
MOVE 22,68
PLAY GestureDown
SAY Better move over here though where you can see me. ^PAUSE=1300^
PLAY Uncertain
SAY Are {colors=colours} a necessary additive?
PLAY Explain
SAY Some people think that food {coloring=colouring} is unnecessary as it does not help the food taste better, ^PAUSE=300^ smell better^PAUSE=300^ feel better^PAUSE=300^ or make it easier to manufacture. ^PAUSE=1300^
PLAY GestureLeft
SAY Of course they may make food and drink^EMPHASIS^look more attractive. ^PAUSE=300^
PLAY LookDown
SAY And what is wrong with a bit of bright {color=colour?} ^PAUSE=1300^
PLAY Pleased
SAY Or do we just ^EMPHASIS^expect our food to be brightly {colored=coloured?} ^PAUSE=600^
PLAY Alert
SAY Who says that strawberry milkshake should be bright pink? ^PAUSE=1300^
PLAY Acknowledge
SAY Children quite like bright food ^PAUSE=300^ and then they come to expect those {color=colours.} ^PAUSE=1300^
SAY If we want less food {color=colour} additives we may need to get used to the ^EMPHASIS^natural {color=colour} of foods ^PAUSE=300^ which may be quite {color less=colourless!}^PAUSE=1300^
PLAY Wave
END
To give an expected colour e.g. pink strawberry.
To make colourless products more attractive e.g soft drinks.

13. Other Additives
Flour treatment agents (E202), potato starch, milk proteins, glycerine and lactose help maintain product consistency.
Malic acid (from pears) and acetic acid (in vinegar) help set jam.
Humectant (E420) stops food from drying out.
Gelling agent (E440) enhances texture.
Acidity regulator (E331) is used to control how acid or alkaline a food is.
Modified maize starch adds bulk and lets liquid be added easily during processing. *

14. Consumer Choice
Can I avoid food with additives?
Additives are thoroughly checked but there is pressure on the industry and government to reduce additives.
Consumers can choose whether to buy products that contain additives.
What are the issues for consumers?
Do these additives add nutrients e.g. in my cereals?
Does my porridge or fruit juice have additives?
Shall I have a take-away curry tonight? I wonder if that has additives!
Are there artificial or natural colourings in my ketchup?

15. Some words or terms to learn
Vocabulary
Some words or terms to learn
processing
additives
shelf life
emulsify
synthesised
antioxidants
glucose / fructose
enzyme
consumers *

16. The Task
You can enter here a task for your students.

17. End End Show Acknowledgements
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