1. Part i-B: Elements (PART 2)
Music: An Appreciation, Brief, 8th edition | Roger Kamien
Part i-B: Elements (PART 2)

2. tempo The speed of the beat; the pace
associated with emotional effect
Tempo indicated at beginning of piece
As with dynamics, Italian terms are used*andante & vivace
Molto, non troppo, accelerando, ritardando (gradual slowing)
Metronome: indicates exact tempo by ticking sounds or flashes of light

3. MUSIC NOTATION Notating pitch Written music stores information
Allows composer to communicate their ideas to others
Notating pitch
Letter names: A B C D E F G..used in Western Music to notate pitch
Staff: a set of 5 horizontal lines used in music notation
Grand Staff
G Clef or Treble
F Clef or Bass

4. notating pitch
Keyboard note names with notation

5. notating rhythm Notating Silence
music notation indicates length of tone in relation to other tones in the piece
How note looks indicates
duration
Notating Silence
Rests indicate
notated silence

6. notating meter The Score
Time signature indicates the meter of a piece of music
Appears at beginning of piece
Appears again whenever meter changes
Written as two numbers, one above other
3 top number: how many beats per measure
bottom number: what type note counts 1 beat
Common and cut time; duple and triple meter
The Score
Includes music for every instrument
Can include 20+ lines of music at once

7. MELODY
A series of single notes that add up to a recognizable whole
Begins, moves, ends
Tension and release
Stepwise vs. leap motion
Climax: the emotional focal point of a melody
Legato vs. staccato
Made of phrases (parts)
Sequence within melodies
Cadence: a resting place at the end of a phrase
LISTENING
Over the Rainbow (1938)
Harold Arlen
Listen, then follow the listening outline to this selection in CONNECT MUSIC

8. HARMONY Consonance and Dissonance
The way chords are constructed and how they follow each other
Chord: three or more tones sounded at once
chord is simultaneous tones
Melody is a series of individual tones
Progression: a series of chords that follow each other
Consonance and Dissonance
Stable, restful chords (consonant)
Unstable, tense chords (dissonant)
degree of dissonance—more and less dissonant
Resolution: movement away from a dissonance, towards consonance

9. the triad Broken Chords (Arpeggios) Simplest, most basic chord
Made up of three notes
Notated on 3 adjacent lines or spaces
Tonic: triad built on 1st scale note
Most stable, restful chord
Pieces usually begin and end on this chord
Dominant: triad built on 5th scale note
Most unstable, tense chord
Dominant to tonic movement feels conclusive
Broken Chords (Arpeggios)
Chord tones sounded in series

10. KEY The Major Scale The Minor Scale
Centering of a melody or harmony around a central note
The Major Scale
Whole steps and half steps occurring in a predetermined order
bright, happy sound
The Minor Scale
Whole steps and half steps occurring in a different predetermined order
dark, sad sound

11. Listen, then follow the listening outline to this selection in CONNECT MUSIC
Note:
Harmony for variety and movement
LISTENING
Prelude in e minor for piano, Op. 28, No. 4 (1839)
Frédéric Chopin

12. key signature The Chromatic Scale Pieces using major scales—major key
Pieces using minor scales—minor key
Number of sharps or flats played determines scale and key
Also determines key signature
Key signature notated at beginning of piece between clef sign and time signature
The Chromatic Scale
Utilizes all 12 notes within the octave
Includes both black and white piano keys
This scale does not define a key
Chromatic comes from Greek word chroma, color

13. modulation: change of key in a musical composition
Provides contrast within longer piece
Modulation like temporary shift in gravity
new tone and key becomes “home”
Tonic Key
The main key of a piece
Modulations away to different keys usually return to the tonic key
Return to tonic creates feeling of resolution and conclusion
return to tonic usually occurs near end of piece

14. MUSICAL TEXTURE Monophonic Texture Polyphonic Texture
Layering of sound, how layers relate
Monophonic Texture
Single, unaccompanied melody literally “one sound”
Polyphonic Texture
Two or more equally important melodies sounding simultaneously
Homophonic Texture
One melody with chordal accompaniment
Changes of Texture
Within a piece, creates variety and contrast

15. Listen, then follow the listening outline to this selection in CONNECT MUSIC
Note:
Contrasting textures
LISTENING
Farandole from L’Arlesienne Suite No. 2 (1879)
Georges Bizet

16. MUSICAL FORM Techniques that create musical form Types of Musical Form
Organization of musical elements in time
Techniques that create musical form
Repetition—restating musical ideas
Contrast—avoiding monotony with new ideas
Variation—reworking ideas to keep them new; retaining some features of a musical idea while changing others
Types of Musical Form
Ternary
simple
subdivided

17. Listen, then follow the listening outline to this selection in CONNECT MUSIC
Note:
Ternary form
LISTENING
Dance of the Reed Pipes from Nutcracker Suite (1892)
Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky

18. types of musical form
Binary form: a musical statement followed by a counterstatement
A B
A A B
A B B
A A B B
LISTENING
Listen, then follow the listening outline to this selection in CONNECT MUSIC
Bourée from Suite in e minor for lute (1710)
Johann Sebastian Bach

19. MUSICAL STYLE
Characteristic way of using melody, rhythm, tone, color, dynamics, harmony, texture, and form
Western art music can be divided into:
Middle Ages,
Renaissance,
Baroque,
Classical,
Romantic,
20th Century to 1945
1945 to present
Shaped by political, economic, social, and intellectual developments

20. Listening Selections for Elements of Music-Part 2-Test
Dance of the Reed Pipes from Nutcracker Suite (1892) Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky
Over the Rainbow (1938)
Harold Arlen
Prelude in e minor for piano, Op. 28, No. 4 (1839)
Frédéric Chopin