1. Gender Stratification Are the Sexes Separate and Unequal? Chapter 11

2. Are the Sexes Separate and Unequal?
Sociology makes an important distinction between sex and gender.

3. Sex
The physical and biological differences between men and women.
Sex differences are made evident by physical distinctions in anatomical, chromosomal, hormonal, and physiological characteristics.

4. Gender
The social, psychological, and cultural attributes of masculinity and femininity that are based on the previous biological distinctions.

5. Person is born either a male or female
Sex
Ascribed status
Person is born either a male or female

6. Important factor in shaping people’s self-images and social identities
Gender
Learned through the socialization process and thus is an achieved status.
Important factor in shaping people’s self-images and social identities

7. Historical Views
What are some of the
traditional roles of
men and women?

8. Religious Views Patriarchal Ideology
The belief that men are superior to women and should control all important aspects of society.

9. Unbelievers
Slaves
Women
According to traditional Islamic law and tradition, three groups of people are not eligible for legal and religious equality:

10. Animal Studies and Sociobiology
Biological Views
Animal Studies and Sociobiology
Ethology
The scientific study of animal behavior.

11. Believe that much of human social behavior has a genetic basis
Ethnologists
Observed that sexual differences in behavior exist throughout much of the nonhuman animal world.
Sociobiologists
Believe that much of human social behavior has a genetic basis

12. Gender and Physiological Differences
The study of gender roles must take into account the size and muscle development longevity and susceptibility to disease and physical disorders.

13. Gender-based biology
Identifies the biological and physiological differences between men and women as well as differences in responses to drugs.

14. Hormone differences between men and women affect how the brain functions.

15. Why do you think
women
live longer than men?

16. In today’s society, how do men and women responses to stress?

17. How is gender and sex viewed?

18. What Produces Gender Inequality?
Two theoretical approaches have been used to explain dominance and gender inequality: .
Functionalism
Conflict Theory

19. The Functionalist Viewpoint
Talcott Parsons and Robert Bales (1955) applied functionalist theory to the modern family.
Argued that the division of labor and role differentiation by sex are universal principles of family organization and are functional to the modern family.
Believe that the family functions best when the father assumes the instrumental role.

20. Instrumental role
Focuses on relationships between the family and the outside world.
Involves supporting and protecting the family.
The mother concentrates her energies on the expressive role which focuses on relationships within the family and requires her to provide the love and emotional support needed to sustain the family

21. Males dominates females
Conflict
Males dominates females
Exploitation of women
Men gain greater power

22. Gender-Role Socialization
Lifelong process whereby people learn the values, attitudes, motivations, and behavior considered appropriate to each sex according to their culture.

23. Childhood Socialization
Parents carry in their minds images of what girls and boys are like.
How they should behave, and what they should be in later life.
Parents respond differently to girls and boys right from the beginning.
Girls are caressed more than boys, whereas boys are jostled and roughhoused more.
Mothers talk more to their daughters, and fathers interact more with their sons.

24. Why do you think boys and girls are treated differently?
What are some of the differences?

25. Boys Girls Erik Erikson
Encouraged to pursue role paths that will prepare them for an occupational commitment
Boys
Encouraged to develop behavior patterns designed to attract a suitable mate
Girls

26. Gender Inequality and Work
Percentage of Advanced Degrees Awarded to Women
Degree
1970
2006
Associate
43.0
62.1
Bachelor’s
43.1
57.5
Master’s
39.7
59.9
Doctoral
13.3
48.2
Professional
5.3
50.0

27. Job Discrimination Rank Occupation 1. Pharmacists $1,647 2.
2008
Median weekly
earnings 1.
Pharmacists
$1,647 2.
Chief executives
$1,603 3.
Lawyers
$1,509 4.
Computer software engineers
$1,351 5.
Computer and information systems managers
$1,260 6.
Physicians and surgeons
$1,230 7.
Management analysts
$1,139 8.
Human Resource managers
$1,137 9.
Speech-language pathologists
$1,124
10.
Computer scientist and system analysts
$1,082

28. Most common Male and Female Occupations
Carpenters
98.8%
Construction workers
97.4%
Drivers
95.7%
General Labors
85.8%
Sales Representatives
73.8%
Managers
62.5%
Retail Sales
57.5%

29. Three ways women experience discrimination in the business world
During the hiring process
When women are given jobs with lower occupational prestige than men who have equivalent qualifications receive
Through unequal wage policies
Women receive less pay than men for equivalent work
In the awarding of promotions
Women find it more difficult than men to move up the career ladder

30. Five of the top 10 occupations for women
Secretaries
Receptionists
Home health aids
Cashiers
Customer service representatives

31. Women dominate but receive relatively low pay
Professional positions
Elementary school teaching
Nursing
Women dominate but receive relatively low pay