1. in the heritable characteristics
EVOLUTION
cumulative change
in the heritable characteristics
of a population

2. Evidence of Evolution fossil record homologous structures
ex. pentadactyl limb
selective breeding
Industrial melanism
ex. peppered moths
ex. antibiotic resistance
ex. finches on Daphne major
vestigial structures
molecular biology
comparative embryology

3. Fossil Record of Horse Evolution

4. Horse Evolution

5. Fossil Formation

6. Fossils Layers

7. Radioactive decay of C-14 and K-40 half-life of C-14 = 5,730 yrs half-life of K-40 = 1.25 billion yrs good for fossils 1, ,000 ys good for fossils older than 100,000 yrs Used to date fossils

8. Homologous Structures ex. the pentadactyl limb

9. Selective Breeding

10. Example: Peppered Moth

11. ADAPTIVE RADIATION
Hawaiian honey creepers
Darwin’s Finches

12. Finches on Daphne Major, Galapagos
Daphne Major is a small island
Geospiza fortis feeds on seeds
Beak size varies & inherited
El Nino (83) brings rain & cold –
variety of seeds
La Nina (74-77) brings droughts –
few small soft seeds
more large seeds

13. Example: Antibiotic Resistance

14. Vestigial Structures

15. Comparative Embryology

16. Biochemical Analysis: DNA & Amino Acid Sequences

17. Trends/Patterns of Selection
Original bell curve of population:

19. Directional Selection
Example: elephant trunk length

20. Stabilizing Selection
Example: human birth weight

21. Disruptive selection
Example: rabbit fur color on black & white stones, black, white, grey

22. Frequency-dependent Selection
Sexual Selection

23. DIVERGENT EVOLUTION
Polar bear
Brown bear

24. Species definition: two organisms that can mate and produce fertile offspring

25. CONVERGENT EVOLUTION
shark
dolphin tuna
Counter shading fusiform shape

26. CONVERGENT EVOLUTION Australian marsupials vs. American placentals
Coyote, groundhog, spiny anteater
Tasmanian devil (ext), wombat, banded anteater

27. Biogeography: Wallace’s Line

28. Bottleneck Effect

29. Founder Effect

30. SPECIATION: allopatric sympatric

31. Speciation mechanisms
Gradualism
Puntuated Equilibrium

32. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium:
Allele frequencies remain stable over time.
Assumptions:
No immigration or emigration
No mutations
Large population
Random mating
No natural selection
HW equations:
p + q = 1
p pq q2 = 1

33. Hybrid Vigor (aka heterozygous advantage)

34. WARNING COLORATION aposematic coloring

35. MULLERIAN MIMICRY
WASP

36. BATESIAN MIMICRY
Monarch Viceroy
Coral snake and California king snake
Now thought to be
Mullerian mimicry
“Red touch yellow, kill a fellow. Red touch black, venom lack”

37. BATESIAN MIMICRY

38. CAMOUFLAGE

39. CAMOUFLAGE

40. DISRUPTIVE COLORATION

41. EYESPOTS/STARTLE

42. COEVOLUTION
Rufous hummingbird & flower

43. Symbiotic: mutualistic
Cleaner fish
Clown fish and sea anemone
Algae & fungi = lichen
Bacteria in root nodules of legume

44. Symbiotic: mutualistic
Ants & acacia trees
Aphids & ants
Oxpecker bird and ox

45. Symbiotic: parasitic
tapeworm
Strangler fig
mistletoe

46. Symbiotic: commensalism
Remoras and shark
Barnacles on whale
Sponge on scallop

47. EVOLUTION PATTERNS Revu
Disruptive, Stabilizing, Directional Selection, Sexual, Frequency dependnt
Divergent vs Convergent evolution
Allopatric vs Sympatric speciation
Gradualism vs Punctuated Equilibrium
Adaptive Radiation
Artificial Selection
Mimicry and Camouflage
Coevolution and Symbiosis