1. Tuesday, September 27, 2016
Entry task: Go to the article “Home and Ecosystems”. Turn to page 27 after the blank T Charts pages. Read the article and answer the questions on the back. 
EXPECTATIONS:
1. Have your pencil, LA book, BIN, and binder.
2. Be in your seat before the bell
3. Honor the speaker
4. Listen to the countdown

2. Introduction ( = main idea) ( = detail about main idea)
There are five important groups of hominids Anthropologists – study human development and culture Paleoanthropologists – specialize in studying the earliest hominids (Paleo means “ancient”) In 1974 Lucy was discovered – a partial skeleton of a female hominid who lived more than 3 million years ago

3. Guiding questions for your reading
What have scientists learned about hominids?
How were hominids like us?
How were they different?
What capabilities, or skills, did each group have?

4. Lucy and Her Relatives
Earliest known group of hominids called Australopithecus, or “southern ape” Lucy belongs to the group Australopithecus afarensis – afarensis refers to where she was found in Africa – the Afar Triangle Lucy was short – about 3 feet tall Arms were long, hands and feet similar to modern human’s Large head – forehead and jaw stuck out from face

5. Lucy: Walking on Two Feet
Scientists guess that Lucy’s relatives lived in Africa, about 3-4 million years ago Lucy was a biped – walked on two feet Had many advantages: Could gather and carry food more easily Could use hands to defend themselves and children Lucy’s brain was about 1/3 the size of ours No tools have been found from Lucy’s time Scientists don’t think these early hominids could talk

6. Handy Man
Second group of hominids discovered in Africa was named Homo habilis, or “Handy Man” Lived about million years ago Tools were found scattered among the bones Different features: Walked on two feet Taller than Lucy Brains were twice the size of Lucy’s Bones of more than one Handy Man have been discovered together Living together would help them survive Work together to protect themselves Collect food over larger areas of land

7. Handy Man: The Tool Maker
Tools found shows that Handy Man was more advanced than Lucy was Tools were simple Rocks for chopping Sharp pieces of stone for cutting Animal Bones as digging sticks Making tools takes thought Tools helped Handy Man live better and longer than Lucy and hominids like her

8. Upright Man
Third type of hominid found off the southern coast of Asia – on the island of Java These hominids stood upright and were named Homo erectus, or “Upright Man” (Lucy and Handy Man had not yet been discovered) Upright Man was around longer than any other hominid group 1.8 million to 200,000 B.C.E. Believed to be first hominids to migrate out of Africa (remains found in Asia and Europe) Features: Taller and thinner Strong Bones Good walkers and runners Face more like modern humans

9. Upright Man: Traveling with Fire
Upright Man group were toolmakers With larger brains, they were able to invent more complex tools Strong hand-axes made of stone Fire was their greatest advantage (survive cold and protect themselves against animals) Ate more meat than other hominids Built huts (could live in colder climates or where there were no caves) Slept on animal skins Because of this, they could travel farther and survive longer than earlier hominids

10. Neanderthals
Fourth group discovered in Germany’s Neadner Valley, named Homo sapiens, or “Wise Man” – scientists call them Neanderthal Man Lived after Upright Man, 230,000 to 30,000 B.C.E. Short, stocky, strong Large brains Used intelligence to become skilled toolmakers More than 60 types of tools found Knives, scrapers, spears, sharp blades Tools helped Neanderthals survive Also helped by ability to work together, lived and traveled in groups First hominids to hunt in an organized group

11. Neanderthals: Community
Neanderthals had a sense of community (cared about each other, had sense of ritual) Burial mounds with hunting tools and flowers If injured, other members would take care of them Learned from experience and wisdom of older members of the group Existed side by side with early modern humans for 10,000 years Disappeared and only one type of Homo sapiens survived to become early modern humans

12. Early Modern Humans
First members of our own group called, Homo sapiens sapiens, or “Doubly Wise Man” Lived from 35,000 B.C.E. to 12,000 B.C.E. Believed to have originated in Africa, then spread to Europe, Asia, and Australia Eventually migrated to North and South America, probably traveling across land bridges – later covered by water Looked more like us, but bodies not as well adapted to the cold as Neanderthals Survived because of ability to create better tools, shelter, and clothing Attached thin blades to bone Created tools for engraving and sculpting Fashioned needles for sewing animal skins together Built shelters of earth and stone Better hunters – hooks, spear, bow and arrow – allowed to hunt more safely from a distance

13. Early Modern Humans: First Artists
Early modern humans left behind a record of lives through artwork Painted on walls of caves Carved and shaped images out of clay, bone, flint and ivory Created musical instruments Images of animals, ideas from imagination (magical creatures), patterns, shapes, signed work with handprint Crated art to express themselves, teach children, or religion Ability to imagine, dream, and communicate thoughts to others through pictures and symbols These abilities contributed to the development of complex language – one of the capabilities that make us fully human