1. What is Earth Science?

2. Ag Earth Science – Chapter 1.1
1.1 Vocabulary

3. Bio
Life

4. Geo
Earth

5. Hydro
water

6. ology
Study of

7. Earth Science
A name for the group of sciences that deals with Earth and it’s neighbors in space

8. Study of the physical material and historical make-up of the Earth.
geology
Study of the physical material and historical make-up of the Earth.

9. oceanography
Study of the composition and movements of seawater, coastal processes, seafloor topography, and marine life.

10. meteorology
Study of the atmosphere and the processes that produce weather and climate.

11. astronomy
Study of the universe

12. Overview of Earth Science
Earth science is the name for the group of sciences that deals with Earth and it’s neighbors in space.

13. Earth Science is divided into four main sub-categories.
Geology – study of the Earth
Physical Geology – examination of the materials that make up the Earth and the possible explanations for the many processes that shape our planet.
Historical Geology – understand Earth’s long history and establish a “time-line”

14. Earth Science is divided into four main sub-categories.
Oceanography - Study of the composition and movements of sea water, coastal processes, seafloor topography, and marine life.

15. Earth Science is divided into four main sub-categories.
Meteorology - Study of the atmosphere and the processes that produce weather and climate.

16. Earth Science is divided into four main sub-categories.
Astronomy - Study of the universe

17. Formation of Earth
Nebular Hypothesis – suggests that the bodies of our solar system evolved from an enormous rotating cloud called the solar nebula. It was made up mostly of hydrogen and helium, with a small percentage of heavier elements.

18. Ag Earth Science – Chapter 1.2
1.2 Vocabulary

19. sphere
3-dimensionally round “ball”

20. hydrosphere
Water portion of the earth

21. atmosphere
Gaseous envelope around the Earth

22. geosphere
Composed of the core, mantle, and crust

23. biosphere
All life-forms on Earth

24. core
Dense, heavy inner sphere of the Earth

25. mantle
Located between the crust and core of the Earth

26. crust
Thin outside layer of the Earth’s surface

27. Earth can be divided into four major spheres
Hydrosphere – water portion of the earth
Atmosphere - gaseous envelope around the Earth
Geosphere - composed of the core, mantle, and crust
Biosphere - all life-forms on Earth

28. Hydrosphere All water on Earth
Oceans account for 97% of all Earth’s water
3% is freshwater (groundwater, streams, lakes, and glaciers)

29. Atmosphere Life-sustaining gaseous envelope Extends about 100km upward
Protects us from sun’s heat and dangerous radiation

30. Geosphere Lies beneath both the atmosphere and the ocean
The geosphere is not uniform and is divided into 3 main parts based on composition.
Core – dense center of the Earth
Mantle – middle layer of the Earth
Crust – thin, outer layer of Earth

31. Biosphere
Consists of all life on Earth

32. Plate Tectonics - Theory
Earth’s lithosphere is broken into several sections called plates
These plates move slowly and continuously due to the unequal distribution of heat within Earth
The movements of these plates generate earthquakes, volcanic activity, and the deformation of large masses of rock into mountains.

33. Ag Earth Science – Chapter 1.3
1.3 Vocabulary

34. latitude
The distance north or south of the equator, measured in degrees

35. longitude
The distance east or west of the prime meridian, measure in degrees.

36. topographic map
A map that represents Earth’s surface in three dimensions (3-D). It shows elevation, distance, directions, and slope angles.

37. contour line
Line on a topographic map that indicates an elevation; Every point along a contour line is an elevation.

38. contour interval
On a topographic map, tells the distance in elevation between adjacent contour lines.

39. Determining Location Global Grid
Scientists use two special Earth measurements to describe location.
The distance around Earth is measured in degrees.
Latitude is the distance north or south of the equator, measured in degrees.
Longitude is the distance east or west of the prime meridian, measured in degrees.

40. Determining Location Maps and Mapping
1. A map is a flat representation of Earth’s surface
2. No matter what kind of map is made, some portion of the surface will always look either too small, too big, or out of place. Mapmakers have, however, found ways to limit the distortion of shape, size, distance, and direction.
The Mercator Projection Map
The Conic Projection Map
The Gnomonic Projection Map

41. Determining Location Topographic Maps
1. A topographic map represents Earth’s three dimensional surface in two dimensions.
2. Topographic maps differ from the other maps discussed so far because topographic maps show elevation.
3. Topographical maps show elevation of Earth’s surface by means of contour lines.
a. The elevation of the land is indicated by using contour lines.
b. The contour interval tells you the difference in elevation between adjacent lines.
Geologic maps show the variations of rock type and age that are exposed at the surface.

42. Determining Location Advanced Technology
Today’s technology provides us with the ability to more precisely analyze Earth’s physical properties.
a. Satellites
b. Computers
c. GPS (Global Positioning Systems)

43. Ag Earth Science – Chapter 1.4
1.4 Vocabulary

44. system
Any size group of interacting parts that form a complex whole

45. Earth System Science
A. A way at looking at Earth from what we know in other sciences such as geology, chemistry, and/or biology.
B. The goal is to understand Earth as a system made up of numerous interacting parts, or subsystems.

46. What is a System?
A system can be any size group of interacting parts that form a complex whole.

47. What is a System?
The Earth system is powered by energy from two sources
Sun – The sun is the source that drives external processes that occur in the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and at the earth’s surface.
Earth’s Interior – The heat from the interior of Earth power processes like earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountains.
Humans are also part of the Earth’s system
Our actions produce changes in all of the other parts of the earth system

48. People and the Environment
Environment – everything that surrounds and influences an organism
Environmental Science – the relationships between people and the natural environment
Resources are the foundation of modern civilization and include water, soil, metallic and nonmetallic minerals, and energy.
Renewable resources – can be replenished over relatively short time spans
Examples - trees (wood), solar, wind, and water
Non-renewable resources – take long periods (millions of years) to create and replenish
Examples – natural gas, oil, and coal

49. Environmental Problems
A. Two main attributes caused increased population (1) Agricultural Revolution as better nutrition = longer life span, and (2) Industrial Revolution as non-renewable resources were used (fossil fuels) = Increase technology and medical improvements. B. Significant threats to the government include air pollution, acid rain, ozone depletion, and global warming.

50. Ag Earth Science – Chapter 1.1
1.5 Vocabulary

51. hypothesis
A tentative explanation that is tested to determine if it is valid

52. experimentation
The testing of an idea

53. experimental error
In conducting an experiment, a person encounters one or more errors

54. variables
Those parts of an experiment that can change during an experiment and influence the results

55. conclusion
A decision that is reached after thinking/analyzing about certain facts or information

56. theory
A well-tested and widely accepted view that explains certain observable facts.

57. scientific law
Results from many scientists repeatedly reaching the same conclusions.

58. Scientific Method

59. Scientific Method
The process of gathering facts through observations and formulating scientific hypotheses and theories
Steps in Scientific Method
1. Collection of scientific facts through observation and measurement
2. Development of one or more working hypotheses to explain these facts
3. Development of observations and experiments to test hypotheses
4. Acceptance, modification, or rejection of the hypothesis based on extensive testing

60. Hypothesis
Once data have been gathered, scientists try to explain how or why things happen in the manner observed.
Scientists do this by stating a possible explanation called a hypothesis
A hypothesis must be “testable”

61. Theory
A scientific theory is a well tested and widely accepted by the scientific community and best explains certain observable facts.

62. THE END ….. for this chapter.