1. Urban Geography

2. Key Terms-Scale
Global
Individual city

3. Key Terms-Definition Size Density Heterogeneity Essential definition
Related specialization
competition
Heterogeneity
Generally more tolerant of diverse behavior
More feeling of isolation & indifference reported

5. Key Term--City
Urban settlement that has been legally incorporated into an independent, self-governing unit.

6. Key Term-Urbanized Area
A central city plus its contiguous build- up suburbs where population density exceeds 1000 persons per square mile.
Approx 70% of US citizens live in Urban areas
Few statistics are available to work with urban areas for geographers

7. Key Term—Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)
Area of influence of a city
Urbanized area with a population of at least 50,000
County within which the city is located
Adjacent counties with a high population density (at least 25 per square mile)
Large percentage of persons working in the central city’s county (at least 50%)

8. Key term-Micropolitan statistical area
Include urbanized areas between 10,000-50,000 inhabitants.
About 10% of Americans live in micropolitan areas

9. Key Term--filtering
Large houses built by wealthy families in 19th century
They are subdivided by absentee landlords into smaller dwellings for low income families
Successive waves of lower-income people
Ultimate result may be abandonment of the dwelling

10. Key Term-redlining Bank process of drawing lines on a map
Used to identify area where they will refuse to loan money for mortgages
Families in those areas have a hard time borrowing money to buy or improve properties
It is illegal, but difficult to enforce
US cities in 50s— “White Flight”
Banks must now demonstrate that inner-city neighborhoods get fair share of money.

11. Key Term--gentrification
Middle-class people move into deteriorated inner-city neighborhoods and renovate the housing
Drawn to affordable housing, size, style, etc.
Drives up rents & property values in area
Public expenditures for renovations have been criticized as subsidies for the middle class

12. Key Term-Edge Cities
Cities that develop along the beltway or ring road
Lack physical, social and economic problems of neighborhoods
Nodes of consumer services

13. Key Term-squatter settlements
Mostly in LDCs
Due to housing shortage
Mapping project—Nairobi
Many terms
Barrios, barriadas, favelas—latin America
Bidonvills-North Africa
Bustees-India
Gecekondu-Turkey
Kampongs-Malaysia
Barungbarong-Philippines

14. Global Trends Increasing % of people in cities

17. Urbanization trends-resources

18. Urbanization trends--health

19. Global Trends--MDCs higher % of urban residents
Process of urbanization that started in 1800s (industrialization) largely over
Cities still offer additional amenities

20. Global Trends--LDCs LDCs
% living in cities has risen rapidly in recent years
Industrialization large cause of urbanization
Rapid population growth means urban jobs not guaranteed
More very large urban settlements (6/10 most populous cities)
Not a measure of improved development

21. Individual City Trends
Processes of Deterioration and Renewal
Doughnut effect

22. City Trends Public Housing US—2% UK->33%
Other Europe-govt. supports private housing

23. Individual City Trends
Suburbs
Exurbs
Edge Cities

24. Individual City Trends—recent years
Trends toward the center
Europe
Traditional US
New (post-industrialization)
Old (pre-industrialization)
Recent years—is it a trend?

25. Individual City Trends—Inner City problems
Perpetual underclass
Homelessness
Culture of poverty
Crime
Ethnic and racial segregation
Annexation….

26. Individual City trends-suburban problems
Peripheral model—edge cities
Sprawl
Infrastructure & traffic (rush hour)
New transit systems
In 2000, 90% of Americans said they would like to live in suburbs
Suburban segregation (commercial & manufacturing, single social class)

27. Key Theories-Concentric Zone

28. Key Theories—Concentric Zone
City grows outward from central area
Inner ring—non-residential activities are concentrated
Second ring, zone in transition (industry and poorer-quality housing)
Third ring, working class homes and families
Fourth ring, newer and more spacious homes
Fifth ring—commuters’ zone

29. Key Theories—Sector Model

30. Key Theories-Sector Model
City develops sectors, not rings
Certain areas are attractive for various reasons (ie. Sw Paris)
As the city grows, it expands outward in a wedge from the center
Once a district with high-class housing is established, most expensive is built on outer edge
Industrial and retail activities develop in other sectors, along transportation lines

31. Key Theory—Multiple Nuclei Model

32. Key Theories-Multiple Nuclei Model
Cities have more than one center (nodes) around which activities revolve
Port
Airport
Business center
University
Parks
Some activities are attracted to particular nodes, others try to avoid them
Ie heavy industry versus high class housing
Universities attract well-educated residents, pizzerias, bookstores