1. Unit 7 Part I: Memory (Cognition)
CHS AP Psychology
Unit 7 Part I: Memory (Cognition)
Essential Task 7.1 :
Describe the information processing model of memory with specific attention to the following steps:
- Encoding: external stimuli, sensory registers, selective attention, reticular formation, short-term memory
- Storage: long-term memory, explicit memory (semantic and episodic memories) and implicit memories (emotional and procedural memories)
- Retrieval
Logo Green is R=8 G=138 B= Blue is R= 0 G=110 B=184
Border Grey is R=74 G=69 B=64

2. Memory
The ability to remember things we have experienced, imagined, or learned
Memory is often seen as steps in an information-processing model

3. Information Processing Model
Encoding: get the information into our brain
Storage: retain the information
Retrieval: get it back out of storage

4. 3-Stage Processing of Memory
Atkinson and Shiffrin:
3 stages of memory:
Sensory memory- immediate brief recording of info
Short-term memory- holds items briefly
Long-term memory- relatively permanent
Knowledge, skills, experiences

5. Baddeley’s Working Memory
Updates Atkinson and Shiffrin’s Work
Newer understanding of short-term memory
Conscious, active processing of sensory input and information retrieved from long-term memory

7. The Persistence of Learning Over Time
Memory:
The Persistence of Learning Over Time .
Get out a clean sheet of paper
Write down everything that comes to your mind IN THE ORDER they occur.
Incorrect answers are just as important as correct ones
Name the seven dwarfs

8. Answer:
Sleepy
Dopey
Grumpy
Sneezy
Happy
Doc
Bashful

9. Do you think you could recognize the right answers?
Grouchy, Gabby, Fearful, Sleepy, Smiley, Jumpy, Hopeful, Horney, Shy, Droopy, Dopey, Sniffy, Wishful, Puffy, Dumpy, Sneezy, Lazy, Pop, Grumpy, Bashful, Cheerful, Teach, Shorty, Nifty, Happy, Doc, Wheezy, and Stubby
Turn your paper over and recall the names again.

11. Answer:
Sleepy
Dopey
Grumpy
Sneezy
Happy
Doc
Bashful

12. Encoding
Much information is stored in Short Term Memory (STM) phonologically, according to how it sounds
Some information is stored visually
Research has shown that memory for visually encoded information is better than phonologically encoded information

13. Remembering what you ate last night Learning this chapter’s vocabulary
Encoding:
Automatic vs. Effortful Processing
Remembering what you ate last night
VS.
Learning this chapter’s vocabulary

14. Ebbinghaus Retention Curve
The more you practice, the more you retain.
BUT, the quicker you learn, the quicker you forget.
Memorizing random letters in chunks…

15. Spacing Effect
Distributing rehearsal (spacing effect) is better than practicing all at once. You can memorize a poem a lot easier if you break it down into 5 parts over 5 days instead of all at once.

16. Chunking
The grouping of information into meaningful units for easier handling by short term memory.
M-S-N-N-A-S-A-C-I-A-C-O-M Or
MSN NASA CIA COM

17. Inclusive Memory Activity
I am going to give you a list of words
I just want you to listen
You have 30 seconds to write down as many words as you can remember

18. Serial Position Effect
People tend to recall the first items (primacy effect) and last items (recency effect) in a list
Demonstrates how short- and long-term memory work together
Primacy effect reflects long-term memory
Recency effect reflects short-term memory

19. What We Encode Encoding by meaning Encoding by images
Encoding by organization

20. *Better recognition later than visual or acoustic*
Encoding Meaning
Also known as semantic encoding
We understand the meaning of words
We associate it with what we already know (our schema)
*Better recognition later than visual or acoustic*

21. Visual Encoding
Mental pictures (imagery) are a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding.
Showing adverse effects of tanning and smoking
in a picture may be more powerful than simply talking about it

22. Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally
Mnemonics
Imagery is at the heart of many memory aids. Mnemonic techniques use vivid imagery and organizational devices in aiding memory
PEMDAS
Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally

23. Organizing Information for Encoding
Break down complex information into broad concepts and further subdivide them into categories and subcategories.
Chunking
Hierarchies

24. Hierarchy
Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories and subcategories.

25. Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy