1. The Cardiovascular System
CHAPTER 11
The Cardiovascular System

2. I. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
A. Functions: 1. provide ________ & _______________ to tissues 2. removes ____________ B. Consists of: 1. heart 2. arteries & _______________ 3. capillaries 4. veins & ____________

3. II. THE HEART
A. size: approx. 14 cm (5.5”) by 9 cm (3.5”) B. location: ____________ cavity, b/t lungs, rests on ____________ C. covering: _______________ a. layered, tough, protective sac b. encloses heart and ends of blood vessels wh/ attach to it c. small amt. of fluid is b/t the inner layers in order to reduce __________ as heart beats

4. a. outer wall of the heart b. protects heart by reducing friction
D. walls (3 layers)
1. _______________
a. outer wall of the heart
b. protects heart by reducing friction
2. _______________
a. thick, middle layer of heart wall that contains contractile cardiac muscle
b. forces blood out of heart chambers
3. _______________
a. inner layer
b. contains blood vessels and cardiac muscle fibers

5. 1)__________ chambers (superior)
E. chambers & valves
1. chambers
4 total – 2 upper, 2 lower
a. __________
1)__________ chambers (superior)
2)__________ blood returning to the heart (__________ chambers)
3)______ atrium – receives blood from body through inferior & superior vena cavas
4)_____ atrium – receives blood from lungs through pulmonary veins
b. ____________
1)__________ chambers
2)receives blood from atria
3)_______ ventricle – pumps blood to lungs
4)_____ ventricle – pumps blood to all body parts; has thickest walls

6. 1)separates atrium and ventricle of right side from those on left side
2)÷ heart longitudinally
2. ____________
a. ensures one way blood flow b/t atria & ventricles
b. prevents ____________
c. ____________ valve
*lies b/t right atria and ventricle
d. ____________ (mitral) valve
*lies b/t left atria and ventricle
tricuspid & bicuspid prevents backflow i/t atria during contractions

7. *lies b/t right ventricle and pulmonary arteries f. __________ valve
e. _______________ valve
*lies b/t right ventricle and pulmonary arteries
f. __________ valve
*lies b/t left ventricle and aorta
pulmonary & aortic valves prevent backflow i/t ventricles during relaxation

8. Aortic Valve
Pulmonary Valve
Left Atrium
Right Atrium
Bicuspic/Mitral Valve
Tricuspid Valve
Right Ventricle
Left Ventricle

9. 1. blood enters the heart __________ - *once from the body
F. Blood Flow
1. blood enters the heart __________ -
*once from the body
*once from the lungs
2. blood route:
blood from body → inferior/superior vena cavas → ______ atrium → through _________ valve → _______ ventricle → pulmonary valve → pulmonary ________ → lungs (get oxygenated) →
pulmonary ______ →left atrium → through bicuspid valve → ___ ventricle → aortic valve → aorta → body

10. Superior Vena Cava
Aorta
Pulmonary Arteries to lungs
Pulmonary Veins
Left Atrium
Right Atrium
Bicuspid /Mitral Valve
Pulmonary Valve
Tricuspid Valve
Aortic Valve
Left Ventricle
Right Ventricle
Inferior Vena Cava

11. III. HEART ACTION
A. __________ __________ 1. atria contract as ventricles relax; atria relax as ventricles contract 2. pressure in the chambers rises and falls in repeated cycles B. Heart Sounds due to ____________ that the valve movements produce C. electrocardiogram (ECG) – pg records electrical changes in the ____________ during a cardiac cycle 2. pattern shows various waves that correspond to atria and ventricle conditions D. cardiac cycle regulation 1. physical exercise, body T, & conc. of various ions affect heartbeat 2. cardiac center in _________ __________regulates autonomic impulses to the heart

12. IV. BLOOD VESSELS
A. forms a __________ circulatory system B. circuit of tubes that carries blood from the heart to cells and back again C. arteries and arterioles 1. arteries carry blood away from heart 2. _______________ smaller branches of arteries that connect to capillaries 3. both contain smooth muscle that can be stimulated for _______________ (smaller diameter) or _______________ (larger diameter)

13. D. _______________ 1. connect arterioles and venules
2. walls are very thin (single layer of cells) & form a semi-permeable membrane wh/ allows for diffusion
3. where exchange of gases, nutrients & metabolic by-products (waste products) occurs
E. __________ and veins
1. venules continue from capillaries & merge to form veins
2. veins carry blood to the heart
3. walls are thinner than arterial walls & contain < smooth muscle
4. outer coat composed primarily of collagen
arteries → arterioles → capillaries → venules → veins

15. V. Paths of Circulation
A. _______________ circuit
consists of vessels that carry blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and back to the left atrium
B. _______________ circuit
1. consists of vessels that lead from the heart to the body cells and back to the heart
2. includes the aorta and its branches

17. VI. Vital Signs
A. msmts of: 1. arterial pulse 2. blood pressure 3. respiratory rate 4. body T B. Arterial Pulse 1. due to alternating expansion & recoil of an artery 2. creates a __________ wave 3. normal resting is approx. _______ bpm (pulse rate normally = heart rate) 4. heart rate: a. _______________ – rapid; > 100 bpm b. _______________ – slow; < 60 bpm

18. 1. P blood exerts a/g inner walls of blood vessels 2. __________ P
C. Blood Pressure
1. P blood exerts a/g inner walls of blood vessels
2. __________ P
a) P in peak of ventricular contraction
b) written first (top #)
3. __________ P
a) P when ventricles are relaxing
b) written 2nd (bottom #)
4. borderline # is 120/80

19. VII. HEART CONDITIONS
A. _______________ heart defects
1. approx. ½ of all infant deaths assoc. w/ congenital defects
2. can include, but not limited to:
a. arterial ducts that do not close
b. septal openings
c. structural abnormalities
3. mj. cause – maternal infection / drug ingestion during 1st 3 months when fetal heart is forming

20. B. _______________ (↑ BP) 1. warns of ↑ resistance 2
B. _______________ (↑ BP) 1. warns of ↑ resistance 2. heart works a/g resistance → works harder → myocardium enlarges → heart weakens & walls b/c flabby 3. factors involved: a. diet b. obesity c. heredity d. race e. stress 4. > in females than males; > in blacks than whites; runs in families; common in obese people due to increased length of blood vessels (for ea. lb. of fat miles of +tional bl. vessels are required)

21. C. CHF (__________ _____ ________) 1. heart’s pumping efficiency is ↓ 2. circulation inadequate to meet tissue needs 3. progressive condition → heart failure D. __________ ____________ 1. crushing chest pain 2. due to myocardium being deprived of O2 E. _______________ _______________ 1. commonly called a heart attack/coronary 2. heart cells die → infarct

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