1. Q2 Biology Benchmark Study Guide
Answer Key

2. 1. What are the parts to a good experiment?
Part 1: Problem - state it as a question.
Part 2: Hypothesis - write your educated guess to the question after you do some research on the problem.
Part 3: Materials: the equipment and ingredients needed to do the experiment.
Part 4: Procedure - the specific steps used to do the experiment, large sample size, only test for one variable, etc.
Part 5: Results - show your data/observations using pictures, charts, and or graphs.
Part 6: Discussion - discuss what happened during the experiment.
Part 7: Conclusion - the final statement of the experiment, which states if your hypothesis is true or false, and whether or not you accept it or reject it. you accept the hypothesis if the results support it and you reject the hypothesis if the results do not support it.
Part 8: Repeat.

3. 2. Distinguish between the terms “observation” “hypothesis” “theory” and “law”
An observation consists of receiving knowledge of the outside world through our senses, or recording information using scientific tools and instruments. Any data recorded during an experiment can be called an observation.
A hypothesis is an idea or explanation that you then test through study and experimentation.
A theory is a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world, based on a body of facts that have been repeatedly confirmed through observation and experimentation.
A law is a statement based on repeated experimental observations that describes some aspects of the universe.

4. 3. Characteristics of Life
Cellular organization = All living things are made of at least one cell.
Reproduction* = All living things can make more of their own kind.
Metabolism = All living things undergo basic chemical reactions.

5. 3. Characteristics of Life
Homeostasis = All living things are able to maintain a stable internal environment.
Heredity = All living things are able to pass on traits to their offspring.
Responsiveness = All living things are able to react to stimuli in their environment.

6. 3. Characteristics of Life
Growth and development = All living things can get bigger or change in physical form/physiology.
Adapt through evolution = All living things have traits that evolve to make them better suited to survive.
Interdependence = All living things depend upon biotic & abiotic factors.

7. 4. Compare and contrast adhesion and cohesion.
Adhesion and cohesion are both based on the root word "hesion," which means to stick.
Adhesion refers to the clinging of unlike molecules
Cohesion refers to the clinging of like molecules.

8. 5. Discuss four biological macromolecules.
Proteins = made of amino acids = used for transporting materials across cell membrane, immunity, enzymes, etc.
Carbohydrates = made of monosaccharides = used for energy & structure, etc.
Lipids (fats) = made of glycerol + 3 fatty acid chains = used for energy storage, shock absorbing pads, etc.
Nucleic acids = made of nucleotides = used for determining traits, etc.

9. 6. Describe how an enzyme affects a reaction.
Enzymes are protein molecules which serve as catalysts for chemical reactions. A catalyst is a substance which will decrease the activation energy for a reaction. Enzymes will make reactions occur much more easily, quickly and more efficiently than they ever would without the enzyme.

10. 7. Define cell.
The cell is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms. A cell is the smallest unit of life.

11. 8. Give three differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

12. 9. Identify the function of these organelles:
Nucleus = houses DNA
Mitochondria = cellular respiration
Chloroplast = photosynthesis
Ribosome = protein synthesis
Golgi apparatus = packaging and distribution

13. 10. The cell membrane is composed of lipids and proteins
10. The cell membrane is composed of lipids and proteins. Give two specific examples of the molecules that make up the cell membrane and describe their function.
The phospholipid bilayer's function is to maintain a barrier between the cell and its external environment and to store and transport a variety of proteins that are essential to the cell's function.
Membrane receptor proteins relay signals between the cell's internal and external environments.
Transport proteins move molecules and ions across the membrane.
Membrane enzymes may have many help speed up chemical reactions.

14. 11.Distinguish between passive transport and active transport.
Does NOT use energy.
Materials move from high to low concentration.
Ex: osmosis, ion channels, facilitated diffusion
Does use energy.
Materials generally move from low to high concentration.
Ex. Sodium-potassium pump, endocytosis, exocytosis

15. 12.Label the following cells and solutions with the terms “hypertonic” “hypotonic” or isotonic” AND show the direction that the water moved (into or out of the cell)

16. 13.Draw a picture to show how ATP gives energy to drive cellular processes.

17. 13.Draw a picture to show how ATP gives energy to drive cellular processes.

18. Organelle = chloroplast
14.Complete the following chart to distinguish between photosynthesis and cellular respiration. (purpose, organelles, complete chemical reaction, types of organisms)
Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
Purpose = to make food.
Organelle = chloroplast
6CO2 + 6H2O ---light energy---> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Photosynthetic autotrophs
Purpose = to break down food in the presence of oxygen to generate ATP.
Organelle = mitochondrion
C6H12O6 + 6O2 ------> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38ATP
Aerobic organisms

19. 15.What are the base-pairing rules for the nitrogenous bases of DNA?