1. Islamic Fundamentalism---Theocracy
Iran
Islamic Fundamentalism---Theocracy

2. Iran under
Shah Reza Pahlavi
( )

3. Shah Reza Pahlavi (r – 1977)
Institutes Western reforms & ties with the West
The majority of his people live in poverty.
Brutal suppression of dissidents
SAVAK (secret police)

4. The “White Revolution” - 1963
The Shah’s attempted reforms
Divested the clergy of their vast landholdings
Declared new rights for women
Right to vote
Right to attend university
Dramatically increased urbanization and industrialization
Many saw this as Iran becoming too Westernized and abandoning Iranian/Islamic traditions
Exiles the Ayatollah Khomeini after he criticizes the Shah

5. Ayatollah Khomeini (r. 1979-1989)
1902 – 1989.
Became an Islamic scholar
Began to speak out against the Shah in the 1960s.
Arrested and imprisoned several times by the Shah.
Exiled in 1978 & went to France.

6. The
Iranian
Revolution

7. Reasons for the Fall of the Shah
The Shah spent the oil profits for top of the line American military hardware.
Little money to reinvest back into the Iranian economy.
Religious leaders angry with the Shah for too much “Westernization.”
Government corruption.
The Shah’s constitutional violations of the basic human rights of his citizens.

8. Why it happened? Opposition to the Shah (Sunni) was wide spread
Many Shiites wanted the Iran governed by Islamic law
The Islamic clergy became the voice of opposition
The revolution was governed by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini (Shiite)

9. Anti-Shah Protests

10. On your Left Side, answer:
What cause of the Iranian Revolution does this political button address?

11. Anarchy & Revolution
The Shah leaves Iran on 1/16/79. Facing likely execution should he return to Iran, he died in exile in Egypt

12. Ayatollah Khomeini Leads the Revolution
Khomeini returns to Iran on February 11, 1979 as Supreme Leader

13. Islamic Fundamentalism and Theocracy in Iran

14. Iran After Revolution Government Change Theocracy
Iran goes from a Shah (king) to an Islamic Republic with a theocratic constitution
Theocracy
Religious government
God is seen as head of state
All laws must be in line with religion (in this case Islam)

15. Islamic State Returns
Enemies of the Islamic Revolution are tried and executed
All political parties and organizations are banned
Independent and non-Islamic newspapers are closed.
Banks and Industries are Nationalized.

16. Iranian Revolution Escalates
US interests in the Persian Gulf are threatened.
No access to Iranian Oil
Cancellation of $7 billion of uncompleted arms contracts
Anti American sentiment runs high – US was “The Great Satan”

17. SAVAK Suspects Taken

19. Pros and Cons of Theocracy
1. Likely totalitarian: bills easily passed and imposed
2. Strict discipline, so less crime
3. Very adherent to religious principles
4. High patriotism and morale in the case of economic/natural disaster
5. Organized, orderly and effective government
1. Powers of leader are likely to be used for corrupt practices
2. Conservative; limited change
3. Radical, easy to swing to fanatical state
4. Indoctrination, propaganda, no freedom of the press
5. Hard for non-clerics to create sweeping change or initiate new ideas

20. Iranian Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei
Replaced Ayatollah Khomeini – June 1989

21. Iranian Presidents since Khomeini’s Death
Hashemi Rafsanjani
Mohammad Khatami
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
Hassan Rouhani
2013-

22. Hassan Rouhani
An Islamic cleric and a former member of the Majlis & the Assembly of Experts
Described as a centrist - supports personal freedom & free access to information
Appointed women to government positions
Seen as a reformist who has improved Iran's diplomatic relations with other countries through exchanging letters
Sept. 27, Speaks with President Barack Obama by telephone, the first direct conversation between leaders of Iran and the United States since 1979

23. Iranian Nuclear Program
Since 2003 the US has alleged that Iran has a program to develop nuclear weapons
Iran says that its nuclear program is only to generate electricity
US and Iran signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
US and other countries in violation for not disarming
Iran in violation for not reporting nuclear material to IAEA
March – US and European countries call on Security Council of UN to act against Iran
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad continued to escalate this issue by restricting UN inspectors’ access to Iranian facilities

24. (c) Copyright 2005 Daniel Heradstveit & G. Matthew Bonham
President G. W. Bush State of the Union Address
29 January 2002
“States like these [North Korea, Iran, and Iraq] and their terrorist allies, constitute an axis of evil, arming to threaten the peace of the world.  By seeking weapons of mass destruction, these regimes pose a grave and growing danger.  They could provide these arms to terrorists, giving them the means to match their hatred.  They could attack our allies or attempt to blackmail the United States.  In any of these cases, the price of indifference would be catastrophic.”
The “Axis of Evil” is a “creative metaphor”—a metaphor that is capable of giving us a new understanding of the world. In this respect, it is a kind of cognitive breakthrough—an attempt to restructure the international system as it was in the 1930’s—an attempt to see the world through the eyes of the 1930’s.

25. Iran’s Nuclear Program
There have been multiple rounds of negotiations between Iran and the so-called P5+1, which comprises the five permanent members of the UN Security Council - the US, UK, France, China, Russia - and Germany.
For years they failed to make headway.
But the mood changed after the election of Hassan Rouhani as president in June 2013.
Five months later, following secret bilateral talks between the US and Iran, negotiators agreed an interim deal.

26. Summary of Treaty What Iran will do:
Halt enrichment of uranium above 5% purity
"Neutralise" its stockpile of near-20%-enriched uranium
Not install any more centrifuges (the machines used to enrich uranium)
 What world powers will do:
Not impose further nuclear-related sanctions
Suspend certain sanctions on trade
Transfer $4.2bn (£2.6bn) to Iran in installments from sales of its oil