1. Absolutism, Enlightenment, and Constitutionalism
Unit 2
Absolutism, Enlightenment, and Constitutionalism

2. Peace of Augsburg
1555
Recognized the division of Christianity in Germany
Catholic and Lutheranism Only

3. French Wars of Religion
Huguenots (French Protestants)
Followed Calvinism
(Versus)
Catholic Extremists
Growing militarism on both sides

4. House of Bourbon Ruled the southern French kingdom of Navarre
Heir to the throne in 1598

5. Henry IV France Bourbon Lineage Huguenot before he became King
Converted to Catholicism to satisfy his people-1593
Issued the Edict on Nantes-1598

6. Edict on Nantes
Gave the Huguenots the right to worship and enjoy all political privileges
Religious tolerance

7. Phillip II Spain Hapsburg Lineage “Most Catholic King”
Married Mary I of England
Ordered the Spanish Armada to invade England

8. Armada
Spanish navy
Destroyed in 1588 trying to convert England to Catholicism

9. Elizabeth I England Tudor Lineage
English monarch whose biggest fear was war
Returned England to Protestantism
Ruler during attack by Spanish Armada

10. absolutism
System of government in which a ruler holds total power

11. Divine Right of Kings The idea kings receive their power from God
Only answer to God

12. James I First Stuart king Begins power struggle with parliament
Leading to Civil War

13. Charles I Stuart Lineage
Dispute with parliament leads to English Civil War
Beheaded after the English Civil War
His execution horrified most of Europe

14. Oliver Cromwell
Led Parliaments forces (Roundheads) in the English Civil War
Defeated Charles I forces
Beheaded the king
Took control of England and established a military dictatorship

15. Charles II Monarchy restored after death of Cromwell Stuart Lineage
Placed on the English throne during the Restoration

16. James II Stuart Lineage
Parliament feared he would return England to Catholicism
Removed from power
Escaped England during the Glorious Revolution

17. Glorious Revolution
Parliament asks William of Orange to invade to rid England of James II, his son-the heir, and their religious views
William and Mary become rulers of England

18. English Bill of Rights Signed by William and Mary
Laid the foundation for a constitutional monarchy in England
Parliament gains more power over the king

19. Louis XIII
Bourbon Lineage
Chief Minister Cardinal Richelieu

20. Louis XIV France The Sun King
Maintained complete authority by distracting nobles and princess with court life to keep them out of politics
Justified absolute authority through the divine right of kings
Influenced by Cardinal Mazarin
Built the Palace of Versailles

21. Jean-Baptiste Colbert
Sought to increase France’s wealth and power by following the ideas of mercantilism

22. Frederick William The Great Elector Prussia
Son becomes King Fredrick I r. 1701

23. Thirty Years War Conflict mainly in Germany Protestant vs. Catholics
France vs. Hapsburgs

24. Peace of Westphalia
1648
Official ended the Thirty Years’ War

25. Austrian Empire Hapsburgs Old HRE
Loss what would have been united Germany to Prussia

26. Ivan IV
Russia
Anarchy in Russia after his death until Michael Romanov becomes czar in 1613

27. Peter the Great Russia Romanov Lineage r. 1689
Modernized/westernized Russia
Built the “window on the west”-St. Petersburg on a marshland

28. Scientific Revolution
People began to observe nature to find the truth, not superstition

29. Ptolemy
The universe is a series of concentric spheres with the earth at the center

30. Nicholas Copernicus First to argue a heliocentric theory
Sun is the center of the universe

31. Johannes Keppler Proved Copernicus’ theory to be true
Discovered law of planetary motion

32. Galileo Galilei Used his telescope to prove the heliocentric theory
Heavenly bodies were composed of the same materials as earth, not orbs of light
Recanted when declared a heretic and faced torture

33. Isaac Newton Laws of gravitation Laws of Motion
Hoped to bring together science and religion

34. Francis Bacon Created the scientific method
Used reason and observation to prove things

35. Enlightenment Age of Reason
Use the scientific method to understand all life
Create a better society by discovering natural laws
Combat inequality
Religious freedom

36. John Locke
1690
Writings
Two Treatises of Government
Purpose of government was to protect peoples natural rights
Influenced
Declaration of Independence
U.S. Constitution

37. Thomas Hobbes 1651 Writings
Leviathan
Absolute monarchy was the best form of government to control chaos because people are selfish

38. Montesquieu 1748 Writings The Spirit of the Laws Separation of Powers
Each branch of government limits control of the other in a system of checks and balances
No freedom where there is no balance of power
Influenced
U.S. Constitution

39. Rousseau
1760s
Writings
The Social Contract
Determines the type of government you believe is most effective
Government should be a contract between the people and the ruler of a country

40. Voltaire 1763 Writings Freedom of Speech Freedom of Religion
Treatise on Toleration
Freedom of Speech
Freedom of Religion
Influenced
U.S. Bill of Rights

41. Results of the Enlightenment
Weakening of the Church
American Revolution
English Bill of Rights
Natural Rights
St. Petersburg-”window on the west”
Music-Bach, Handel, Haydn, Mozart

42. Enlightened Principals
Natural rights -rights you are born with
Freedom of:
Religion
Speech
Right to Assembly, Land, Property, Happiness 
An enlightened ruler protects these rights through constitutionalism

43. Constitutionalism
Limiting government based on the theories of John Locke
A written government contract to clarify what powers were given to whom
Executive, Legislative, Judicial
In a constitutional democracy
The people are sovereign (supreme rule)
Exercise their sovereignty through a government limited by a constitution

44. Enlightened Absolutism
Period when monarchs tried to rule using Enlightenment ideas
Doesn’t work because power becomes a priority and enlightened ideas are pushed to the side for control and power

45. Enlightened Rulers ? Prussia-Frederick II (The Great)
Allowed limited freedom of speech
Continued serfdom (maintain hierarchy)
Austria-Maria Theresa
Not open to enlightened ideals
Tried to improve peasant life

46. Enlightened Rulers ? Austria-Joseph II Embraced enlightenment
Abolished serfdom
Established principals of equality
Religious reforms
Angered nobles, clergy, and peasants
Total failure

47. Enlightened Rulers ? Russia-Catherine the Great
Supported Enlightened thinkers
No changes to government
Expanded serfdom
Expanded Russia

48. War of Austrian Succession
Prussia invades Silesia (held by Austria)
Austria vs. Prussia
Ends with no change-1748
Prussia still holds Silesia
Leads to the Seven Years War

49. Seven Years War Alliances Causes
Britain, Prussia, Hanover
Vs.
France, Austria, Russia, Sweden, Spain
Causes
Fight for Silesia (Prussia and Austria)
Fight for colonial dominance (British vs. French)
India and North America
Britain will become the greatest world empire