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Introduction Data Communication Networks Protocols and Standards

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1 Introduction Data Communication Networks Protocols and Standards
Basic Concepts

2 Data Communication Uneven Delay
-Exchange of information between two or more devices Ways to enhance communication -Delivery Delivery of data at prescribed destination -Accuracy No changes at the time of transmission -Timeliness Delivery of data must be within time -Jitter Uneven Delay

3 Data Communication System Components

4 Networks Distributed Processing Network Criteria Performance
Set of devices connected by media links Distributed Processing Network Criteria Performance Based on transit time and response time Number of user Types of Transmission medium Hardware Software Reliability Security

5 Protocols and standards
Set of rules govern data communication Key elements of protocols Syntax:- Structure Semantics :- Meaning of each section of bit Timing

6 Standards Provides model for development Two categories
De facto(“By Convention”) Proprietary(Closed Standards) Non-proprietary(open Standards) De jure(“By Law”) Have not approved by organization body.

7 Basic Concepts Line Configuration Topology Transmission Mode
Categories of Networks Internetworks

8 Line of Configuration Point to Point Multipoint One to one connection
Dedicated links Multipoint More than two Devices Shared a single line

9 Point-to-Point Line Configuration

10 Multipoint Line Configuration

11 Topology Geometric Representation of connected devices in a Network

12 Mesh Topology Dedicated Point to Point links
Transfer of a data between two devices only. Provides privacy, Security. Provides fault identification, fault isolation. Problems with this topology Uses number of cables Installation and reconnection

13 Representation of Mesh Topology

14 Tree Topology Majority of nodes connected to secondary hub
Central hub in the tree is an active hub

15 Representation of Tree Topology

16 Star Topology Each device is connected to the central point i.e. Hub.
Devices are not connected with each other. It does not allow direct traffic. It is Robust.

17 Representation of Star Topology

18 Bus Topology It is Multipoint connection.
Nodes are connected to bus cable by Drop lines and Taps. Because of Heating problem we use less no of Taps. Difficult to add another device in a network. Drop lines is connection between device and main cable. Tap is a connector that either

19 Representation of Bus Topology

20 Ring Topology Dedicated point to point connection with only the two devices. Easy to install and reconfigure. Connected to immediate neighbours

21 Representation of Ring Topology

22 Transmission Mode Simplex Half-Duplex Full Duplex

23 Simplex

24 Half-Duplex

25 Full Duplex

26 Signals Analog and digital Aperiodic and periodic signals
Analog signals

27 Analog and Digital Signals
Analog Signals- Continuous waveform that changes smoothly over time. Two forms-Simple Composite Characteristics of Analog Signal Amplitude Period and Frequency Phase

28

29 Periodic Signal It completes a pattern within a measurable time

30 Aperiodic Signal Changes constantly without exhibiting pattern or cycle

31 Time and Frequency Domain
Time-domain plot Shows changes signal amplitude with respect to time. Frequency –domain plot Shows relation with frequency and amplitude.

32 Examples

33 Digital Signal Most digital signals are aperiodic Bit interval-
Time required to send one single bit Bit rate- Number of bi interval per second

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