1. 土木工程概论 Introduction to Civil Engineering
第一章　绪论
Chapter 1 Introduction

2. Introduction to Civil Engineering
What is Civil Engineering?
John Smeaton ( ) was the first man in Britain to call himself a civil engineer.
Today, the work of a professional civil engineer may be broadly defined as the planning, design, construction, and main- tenance of the many and varied physical structures necessary for the economic well-being of society.
Selected from: CSE, UK

3. Introduction to Civil Engineering
What is Civil Engineering?
The whole of non-military engineering at the time of the founding of the ICE in 1818, but now excluding chemical, electrical, electronic, marine, mechanical engineering, etc.
It includes airfields, bridges, canals, docks, foundation, harbor, offshore construction, railways, river basin management, roads, sewage treatment, sewerage, soil mechanics, structural design, traffic engineering, tunnels, water supply, etc.
Selected from Dictionary of Civil Engineering

4. Introduction to Civil Engineering
What is Civil Engineering?
The science of civil engineering can be divided into many major branches according to functions performed:
Designing structures (Structural engineering);
Constructing structures (Construction engineering);
Hydraulic engineering;
Irrigation engineering;
Geo-technical engineering(Foundation engineering);
Surveying;
Highway engineering;
Railway engineering;
Environment engineering;
Selected from Basic Civil Engineering

5. Introduction to Civil Engineering
As a Civil Engineer, you could find yourself working in any one of the following areas:
Transport systems: roads, railways, canals, docks, harbors, airports, bridges, tunnels and traffic management systems.
Water supply: Dams, reservoirs, hydrometric system, treatment systems, pollution control and distribution networks.
Energy: thermal, nuclear and hydro-electric power station, coal mines and oil rigs.
Waste disposal: sewerage systems, landfill sites.
Protection works: flood control, urban drainage and coastal defence.
Industrial and commercial development: shopping centers and car parks, factories, office blocks.
Communications: telecommunication masts and towers.
Environment: environmental impact assessment.
Recreation: sports stadia and centers, swimming pools, theaters and opera houses, waterways and marinas.

6. Introduction to Civil Engineering
Civil Engineering – A Career with a Difference
To be creative;
To work indoor and out of door;
To use technical and practical skills;
To take responsibility and use initiative;
To follow a satisfying and rewarding career;
To travel the world, if desired.

7. Introduction to Civil Engineering
As a civil engineer, you may need to be:
Imaginative and creative;
Adaptable: capable of working in many different situation and conditions;
Technically able and practically minded;
Capable of communicating effectively with fellow professionals, clients and the labor force;
Capable of taking decisions involving large sums of money.

8. Introduction to Civil Engineering
After graduated, you might be at
DESIGNING:
Design requires an understanding of computer knowledge as well as general engineering skill.
Tools such as AutoCAD and FORTRAN allow the modern engineer to work much more efficiently than engineers of the past.
Design electives and student organization projects are good stepping stones to large-scale projects in the workplace.
Safety, cost, and quality are the three goals set for every project--the design engineer cannot sacrifice one for the other two.

9. Introduction to Civil Engineering
After graduated, you might be at
CONSULTING:
Today's Civil Engineering consultants are specialized.
The growing demand for high accuracy in the design and construction of a project requires students to spend more time in different design electives than in the field.
Students wishing to pursue consulting should aim for at least a masters degree in their sub-discipline as credibility is often the indication of success.

10. Introduction to Civil Engineering
After graduated, you might be at
CONSULTING:
New consultants typically begin work in a consulting department before they begin leading others.
Payment varies from lump-sum to by the hour depending on the project.
The annual income of a civil engineering consultant, however, is usually high.

11. Introduction to Civil Engineering
After graduated, you might be a
CORPORATE RESEARCH:
Corporate research is rare in the Civil Engineering field.
Most work takes place at the university level. Large corporations (e.g. oil companies) employ research engineers to examine efficiency of existing structures and systems.

12. Introduction to Civil Engineering
After graduated, you might be at
GOVERNMENT EMPLOYMENT:
The stability of a government job provides job security at a price--mainly wages.
While the average salary of a government employee is lower than an engineer in the private sector, the benefits provided level the playing field. Benefits include: predictable advancement, retirement plans, health care, and a structured environment to work in.
The role of a government engineer stretches from city engineers, specialists. Even federal organizations (e.g. F.B.I. and the C.I.A.) hire forensic engineers to examine criminal cases.

13. Introduction to Civil Engineering
The purpose of 《Introduction to Civil Engineering》:
An introduction to civil engineering is presented through lectures and hands-on experiments.
Through lectures and discussions the students will be exposed to the different fields in civil engineering such as environmental, geotechnical, hydraulics, hydrology, structural, surveying, transportation, and water treatment.

14. Introduction to Civil Engineering
The purpose of 《Introduction to Civil Engineering》:
These lectures will also be used to inform the students of career paths and employment opportunities in civil engineering.
In depth lectures coupled with simple experiments will be given in the areas of environmental, structural and transportation systems.

15. Introduction to Civil Engineering
The purpose of 《Introduction to Civil Engineering》:
Through hands-on experiments and calculations the students experience the types of problems that are explored and solved by civil engineers in the areas of environmental, structural and transportation engineering.

16. Introduction to Civil Engineering
The purpose of 《Introduction to Civil Engineering》:
Through both the experiments and lectures, the students develop an appreciation for aesthetics, environment, life safety, forces, structural systems, transportation design and policy and environmental processes and policy.

17. Introduction to Civil Engineering
Materials for Civil Engineering
Foundation and Underground Engineering
Building Engineering
Transportation, Bridge and Harbor Engineering
Hydraulic and Hydroelectric Engineering
Constructions & Managements
Digitalization to Civil Engineering
Introduction to Design of Civil Engineering

18. Introduction to Civil Engineering
To meet varied demands of human
High quality
Rapidly construction
High economic efficiency

19. Introduction to Civil Engineering
1. New materials
2. New foundation and treatment
3. Engineering planning
4. Engineering design
5. Engineering construction
6. Civil engineering + Digital = ?

20. Introduction to Civil Engineering
Case studies:
Pisa lean tower

21. Introduction to Civil Engineering
Pisa lean tower:
The tower of Pisa was constructed in three phases. Four floors were built over a 5 years period from 1173 to 1178.
Following an almost 100 year hiatus, three additional floors were constructed between 1272 and 1278.
The third construction phase occurred more than 80 years later between 1360 and 1370 when the bell tower was added.

22. Introduction to Civil Engineering
Pisa lean tower:
The records indicate that during construction, the tower appeared to move sufficiently so that the builders used obliquely cut stones in an effort to maintain the floors of each successive story approximately horizontal.
It showed that at the end of the first construction of the tower had begun to lean towards the Northwest.
During the second the third phases, the angle of inclination increased and the principal direction of tilt shifted first to the Northwest and then to the South.

23. Introduction to Civil Engineering
Case Studies: Pisa lean tower:

24. Introduction to Civil Engineering
Pisa lean tower:
Currently the tower which is about 60 m tall, 20 m in diameter and weight 145 MN ( tons), is inclined at almost 5.5 degrees to the South or about 6 m out of plumb.
The failure of the Tower of Pisa is without doubt unique for a number of reasons ranging from the fact that it is a failure that has been occurring essentially on a continuous basis for more than 800 years.

25. Introduction to Civil Engineering
Pisa lean tower:
The extensive investigations and analyses conduced over the past 60 years, there is still no consensus on the cause of failure.
Structural Mechanics rescued the Tower of Pisa.
After 8 centuries, the condition of the tower has been improved in a controlled fashion.

26. Introduction to Civil Engineering
Pisa lean tower:

27. Introduction to Civil Engineering
Pisa lean tower:

28. Introduction to Civil Engineering
Pisa lean tower:

29. Introduction to Civil Engineering
Review Questions
What is Civil Engineering?
What are the major divisions of Civil Engineering?
What are the functions of Civil Engineering profession? Cite examples
What did you learn from Pisa Lean Tower?
What are you planning to do at Civil engineering?