1. Session 3: Governance and SSR

2. Objectives
Understand governance and its implications for the security sector and SSR
Identify elements of governance of the security sector
Examine incentives to enhancing governance
Explore practical ways to support governance through a case study exercise on Timor-Leste
Understand the challenges to governance of the security sector
Total 1 minute

3. What is “Governance”?
“the diverse and complex mechanisms, resources and institutions through which groups and individuals in society articulate their interests, find compromises …, and exercise their legitimate rights and obligations” (SDC/Switzerland)
“how institutions, rules and systems of the state – the executive, legislature, judiciary and military – operate at central and local level and how the state relates to individual citizens, civil society and the private sector” (DFID/UK)
“the manner in which power is exercised in the management of a country’s ..resources” (World Bank)
Total 4 minutes
Starts with just the question: what is governance
Ask what participants understand by governance – 2 minutes
Note down key phrases on a flip chart
Four separate clicks bring up four quotes (each is hidden on the next mouse click)
Leave time to read through (2 minutes)
“the use of legitimate authority exercised in the application of government power and in the management of public affairs” (Robinson)

4. Poor or Bad Governance
“Poor governance, on the other hand, is characterised by arbitrary policy making, unaccountable bureaucracies, unenforced or unjust legal systems, the abuse of executive power, a civil society unengaged in public life, and wide-spread corruption.”
World Bank in Governance: The World Bank’s Experience

5. The SIX Key Aspects of Governance
Frameworks (Laws, precedence, policies, regulations, norms)
Leadership (vision, initiative, guidance, modelling good behaviour, allocating resources, decision-making )
Management (Structures, performance management, human resource management, financial management)
Participation (gender, ethnicity, religion, geography, political parties, consultative process…)
Oversight (Monitoring, reviewing, questioning: calling to account)
Transparency (Corruption, costs, tackling the problem)

6. How is this relevant to SSR?
Accountability
Effectiveness
Two objectives
Local ownership
One approach

7. How is this relevant to SSR?
Accountability
Effectiveness
Two objectives
Are they structured correctly to do their job?
Are they structured correctly to do their job?
Are they governed by laws?
Do they have the right resources?
Are the right policies in place?
Are they being managed correctly?
Do they have the right resources?
Are we able to find out if they are acting within the law?
Are the right policies in place?
What happens if they are not acting within the law?
What happens if they are not acting within the law?
Are they being managed correctly?
Local ownership
One approach
First click brings up two objectives
Second click brings up the questions on effectiveness
Third click brings up the questions on accountability
Fourth click brings up one approach
Fifth click brings up the question on the one approach
10 minutes for this slide
Ask participants what they think is relevant to governance of SSR (broad categories) – write down answers on a flip chart, divided into actors, institutions and issues – 3 mins to discuss in groups of 3-4 before bringing out the points
Points to draw out:
Ensure they are looking at individual, organisational, external (but national), regional and international levels
What questions are they asking about security and justice providers? e.g.
Are they structured correctly to do their job?
Do they have the right resources?
Are the right policies in place?
Are they being managed correctly?
Are they governed by laws?
Are we able we find out if they are acting within the law?
What happens if they are not acting within the law?
Are providers aligned with national interests and priorities?
Are the providers representative?
Who contributes to policy development? Are there consultations? Whose security? Whose justice?
Is there political will and leadership?
Do they take into account the diversity of the population?
Do they take into account the diversity of the population?

8. Incentives to enhancing governance
Reduced number of Human Rights violations
Encourage social capital
Managers can eliminate inefficient practices
Increase legitimacy
Protection from unfounded criticism
Transparency of resource allocation and management will enhance public support for the security sector
Possible increase in salaries
Conditionality?
Total 5 minutes
Working on governance issues often encounters resistance: so what are the incentives? What is in it for the stakeholders?
Ask group what they think are some of the incentives to enhancing governance
Mention that this is an area that will be covered further in the exercise, so this slide just mentions a few ideas.
Reduce HR violations: S&J providers know how to behave, and if they do commit offences they are more likely to be caught and prosecuted; citizens are more likely to report; this will contribute to a better image and increased professionalism.
If security and justice policies take into account real community needs, citizens are likely to have more confidence in their communities and invest more of themselves, building up social capital.
Clear processes for management, combined with oversight of financial expenditure allows managers increase the efficiency of security and justice provision.
If institutions have ways in which they can monitor and manage their performance, they will be able to demonstrate accountability and counter unfounded criticism (cite example of Albania, where the police struggled to tell their story and therefore their successes were overlooked by the public)
Better financial management can mean more money is available to increase salaries

9. Governance Exercise

10. Governance exercise
‘Talking Borders’ tells the stories of a young female trader, a policeman and an ex-fighter living in the border areas of Sierra Leone, Liberia and Guinea. Based on over 300 interviews, it looks at how petty corruption, routine harassment and bureaucracy affect the daily lives and livelihoods of local people. 
Part I: (05:45)
Part II: (05:57)
Part III: (05.46)

11. Governance exercise
Challenge
Cause
Solution

12. Governance is key to successful SSR
Governance is a cross-cutting issue
Identify incentives for reform
Work in such a way that you reinforce governance
Total time 2 minutes