1. PUBLIC POLICY AND EFFECTIVE CITIZEN PARTICIPATION
18 April 2013

2. Outlines Public, policy, and participation Transportation policy
Public and participation
Public participation in transportation

3. Public, Policy, and Participation
Who is public? what is public?
The public is a large body of individuals sharing or united in some broad common characteristics.
Streets/roads are usually built on public expense, but most vehicles are privately owned.
Many other public facilities benefit private interests.

4. Public, Policy, and Participation
Public policy is developed as a part of movement towards improved planning, rationalization of government process, and greater accountability.
Dimensions and differentiations within public policy include:
The locus of policy making: local/regional, provincial/national/international
Types of policy that include what government wants to do, how the government would achieve its goals, and promoting change
Policy scope: narrow/far-reaching, long enduring/delimited timeframe.

5. Transportation Policy
From mobility promotion to mobility management and sustainability
Sustainable transportation policy involves the environment, the economy, the spatial form of cities, and personal behavior and values.
Prior to 20th century, most transportation planning and policy-making was formulated in response to technological developments and innovations.
These rarely link to a national plan and policy.

6. Transportation Policy
Complexity of Transportation Issues
Some of the most interesting ST initiatives occur at the local and regional levels.
Complexity of transportation issues include:
Whose trips are more valuable?
Which trip purposes are most valuable and for whom?
How can one manage the conflicts among these competing interests?
Which services and investments should be supported from public funding?

7. Transportation Policy
Transportation Policy in the 20th Century: A Global Perspective
Great differences across the globe:
Wealthy vs. impoverished
Road + private vehicles vs. transit + NMT
Trade facilitation vs. localization.

8. Transportation Policy
Development Timeline
After WWII: Large-scale development of transportation policy began to occur.
1945 – 1970: Reconstruction and expansion of American style and its discontents.
Rebuilding and expanding transportation infrastructure.
US policy and investment emphasized on highway expansion (45,000 miles interstate highway system).
Japan planned on major rail improvement.
Decolonization started trade liberalization, deregulation and privatization.

9. Transportation Policy
Development Timeline
1970 – 1990: Rethinking cities and highways; beginning of global liberalization
Public and political reactions against roadway expansion lead to improving the quality of urban life.
Traffic calming started in 1970s
Curitiba led the way in planning for future growth, followed by Bogota.
Liberalization, deregulation and privatization continued to promote competitiveness.
Privatization modernized public services.

10. Transportation Policy
Development Timeline
1990s – present: Transportation policy moves in various directions at different levels
Kyoto Climate Change Protocol spurred an interest in sustainable transportation.
Pricing reforms, carbon taxes and other measures might lead to reduced transportation emission.
National and international effort has gone into trade liberalization and facilitating globalization.
However, more progress towards ST has been achieved at the level of cities and urban regions.

11. Transportation Policy
Dimension
Business as Usual (BAU)
Sustainable Transport (ST)
Process
Predict (forecast) and provide
Build scenarios, backcast, deliberate, decide
Data Analysis
Accepts current trends, forecast
Uses analysis to interrupt harmful trends
Funding-investing
Supports current situation and trends
Reflects and shapes desired outcomes
Feedback-evaluation
Not generally built into planning
Ongoing feedback and evaluation
Benchmarking
Not always included or heeded
Serious part of planning, feedback and evaluation
Planning
Usually in separated “silos”
Maximizes integration of planning and policy

12. The Public and Participation
Defining
who the public is.
what public participation is.
what is successful.
Top-down consultation carefully controlled informational meetings or public hearings.
Bottom-up participation emerged in 1960s.
Public should be involved early in decision-making process, “when options are still open”.

13. Public Participation in Transportation
A multifaceted transportation public includes:
Individuals directly affected by a project or proposal or new policy or plan.
Users, customers, employees, providers and employers.
Interested citizens (community members or taxpayers)
Commercial interests, businesses, professionals
Stakeholders and interest groups, professional/business/labor associations/lobbies/NGOs.

14. Public Participation in Transportation
How the Transport Public Participates
Media communication
Town meetings
Public consultations and public hearings
Committees and commissions
Study circles
Social movements
Politically oriented participation

15. Public Participation in Transportation
Techniques and processes of participation for sustainable transport
Analytic hierarchy process (AHP)
Charrette
Visualization and simulations
Visioning
Visual preference survey
Scenarios and backcasting
Hybrid and comprehensive approaches
Citizen juries