1. Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (5th Ed)
Chapter 7
States of Consciousness
James A. McCubbin, PhD
Clemson University
Worth Publishers

2. States of Consciousness
our awareness of ourselves and our environments
Fantasy Prone Personality
imagines and recalls experiences with lifelike vividness
spends considerable time fantasizing

3. Sleep and Dreams Circadian rhythm the biological clock
regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24 hour cycle wakefulness body temperature

4. Sleep and Dreams REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep recurring sleep stage
vivid dreams
paradoxical sleep
muscles are generally relaxed, but other body systems are active

5. Brain Waves and Sleep Stages
Alpha Waves
slow waves of a relaxed, awake brain
Delta Waves
large, slow waves of deep sleep
Hallucinations
false sensory experiences

6. Typical Nightly Sleep Stages1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Sleep
stages
Awake
Hours of sleep
REM

7. Typical Nightly Sleep Stages
Hours of sleep
Minutes of
Stage 4 and
REM 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 15 20 25
Decreasing
Stage 4
Increasing

8. Sleep Deprivation Effects of Sleep Loss fatigue impaired concentration
immune suppression
irritability
slowed performance
accidents
planes
autos and trucks

9. Sleep Deprivation Accident frequency Spring time change
2,400
2,700
2,600
2,500
2,800
Spring time change
(hour sleep loss)
3,600
4,200
4000
3,800
Fall time change
(hour sleep gained)
Less sleep,
more accidents
More sleep,
fewer accidents
Monday before time change
Monday after time change
Accident
frequency

10. Sleep Disorders Insomnia Narcolepsy
persistent problems in falling or staying asleep
Narcolepsy
uncontrollable sleep attacks

11. Sleep Disorders Sleep Apnea Night Terrors cessation of breathing
often associated with snoring
repeatedly awakes sufferer
Night Terrors
high arousal- appearance of being terrified
usually in Stage 4, within 2-3 hours of falling asleep

12. Night Terrors and Nightmares
Sleep
stages
Night Terrors
occur within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep
during Stage 4
Nightmares
occur toward morning
during REM sleep
Awake 1 2 3
REM 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Hours of sleep

13. Dreams- Freud Sigmund Freud- The Interpretation of Dreams (1900)
wish fulfillment
discharge otherwise unacceptable feelings
Manifest Content
remembered story line
Latent Content
underlying, uncensored meaning

14. Dreams Information Processing REM Rebound
helps consolidate day’s memories
stimulates neural development
REM Rebound
REM sleep increases following REM sleep deprivation

15. Hypnosis
Hypnosis
a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts or behaviors will spontaneously occur
a relaxed state

16. Hypnosis Posthypnotic Amnesia Suggestibility
supposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosis
induced by the hypnotist’s suggestion
Suggestibility
related to subject’s openness to suggestion
ability to focus attention inwardly
ability to become imaginatively absorbed

17. Hypnosis Memory sometimes a relaxed, focused state can improve recall
“hypnotically refreshed” memories are unreliable
false memories or pseudomemories can be implanted
intentionally
unintentionally

18. Hypnosis
Unhypnotized persons can also do this

19. Hypnosis Orne & Evans (1965) Posthypnotic Suggestion
control group instructed to “pretend”
unhypnotized subjects performed the same acts as the hypnotized ones
Posthypnotic Suggestion
suggestion to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized
used by some clinicians to control undesired symptoms and behaviors

20. Hypnosis and Pain Dissociation Hidden Observer
a split in consciousness
allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others
Hidden Observer
Hilgard’s term describing a hypnotized subject’s awareness of experiences, such as pain, that go unreported during hypnosis

21. Drugs and Consciousness
Psychoactive Drug
a chemical substance that alters perceptions and alters mood
Physical Dependence
physiological need for a drug
marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms
Psychological Dependence
a psychological need to use a drug
for example, to relieve negative emotions

22. Dependence Tolerance Withdrawal
need for progressively larger doses to achieve same effect
Withdrawal
discomfort and distress with discontinued use
After repeated
exposure, more
drug is needed
to produce
same effect
Drug dose
Drug
effect
Response to
first exposure

23. Psychoactive Drugs Stimulants Depressants
drugs that reduce neural activity
slow body function
alcohol, barbiturates, opiates
Stimulants
drugs that excite neural activity
speed up body function
caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines

24. Psychoactive Drugs Hallucinogens
psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input
LSD

25. Psychoactive Drugs Barbiturates
drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement

26. Psychoactive Drugs Opiates
opium and its derivatives (morphine and heroin)
opiates depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

27. Psychoactive Drugs Amphetamines
drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing accelerated body functions and associated energy and mood changes

28. Cocaine Euphoria and Crash

29. Psychoactive Drugs LSD THC lysergic acid diethylamide
a powerful hallucinogenic drug
also known as acid
THC
the major active ingredient in marijuana
triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations

30. Trends in Drug Use ‘76 ‘78 ‘80 ‘82 ‘84 ‘86 ‘88 ‘90 ‘92 ‘94 ‘96 10 2010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Year
Percentage
of high school
seniors
reporting use
Alcohol
Marijuana/
hashish
Cocaine

31. Near Death Experiences
an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death
often similar to drug-induced hallucinations

32. Near Death Experiences
Dualism
the presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact
Monism
the presumption that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing