1. BIO 111: Foundations of Biology
Lecture 1: Water world

2. BIO111: Foundations of Biology
Lecture 1: Water World

3. Lecture I: Water World
I. Formation of the Solar System
The Earth, from 6 billion kilometers, taken by the Voyager 1 space probe on Feb 14, 1990, as it left our solar system.

4. ~ 4.6 bya

5. Planets

6. “Dwarf” planets (smaller than the Moon)

7. Body Diameter Distance
SUN 12 inches
Mercury 0.04 in 41 feet
Venus 0.10 in 77 feet
Earth 0.11 in 107 feet
Mars 0.06 in 163 feet
Asteriod belt……………………………………….
Jupiter 1.23 in 559 feet
Saturn 1.00 in feet
Uranus 0.40 in feet
Neptune 0.39 in feet
Pluto 0.02 in feet

8. Lecture I: Water World
II. The Earth and its Neighbors
A. Size and Temps
-153 to 20oC
-88 to 58oC
462oC

11. Earth Venus Mars CO2 0.035% 96% 95% N2 77% 3.5% 2.7% H2O 1% 0.01%
Lecture I: Water World
II. The Earth and Its Neighbors
A. Size and Temps
B. Atmospheric Composition
Earth
Venus
Mars
CO2
0.035%
96%
95% N2
77%
3.5%
2.7%
H2O 1%
0.01%
0.007% Ar
0.93%
1.6% O2
21%
trace

12. Lecture I: Water World
II. The Earth and Its Neighbors
III. Why The Differences?
A. The Effects of Liquid Water
About 4.4 bya, the period of heavy asteroid bombardment ended, and water could collect at the surface without being vaporized by meteorite impacts.

13. Lecture I: Water World
III. Why The Differences?
A. The Effects of Liquid Water
1. Water’s molecular structure
ATOMS:
- nucleus:
protons: charge = +1, mass = 1
neutrons: charge = 0, mass = 1
- shells/orbitals:
electrons: charge = -1, mass = ~0

14. YOU AND ME ALL KNOWN MATTER IS MADE OF THESE INGREDIENTS: GALAXIES
PLANETS
OCEANS
MOUNTAINS
AIR
PUPPIES
VIRUSES
YOUR FRIENDS
YOU AND ME

15. An element’s “ATOMIC NUMBER” = # Of PROTONS
III. Why The Differences?
A. The Effects of Liquid Water
1. Water’s molecular structure
An element’s “ATOMIC NUMBER” = # Of PROTONS
ATOMS:
- nucleus:
protons: charge = +1, mass = 1
neutrons: charge = 0, mass = 1
- shells/orbitals:
electrons: charge = -1, mass = ~0
ELEMENTS: differ in # of protons

16. III. Why The Differences?
A. The Effects of Liquid Water
1. Water’s molecular structure
ATOMS:
- nucleus:
protons: charge = +1, mass = 1
neutrons: charge = 0, mass = ~1
- shells/orbitals:
electrons: charge = -1, mass = ~0
ELEMENTS: differ in # of protons
ISOTOPES: differ in number of neutrons (and mass)

17. III. Why The Differences?
A. The Effects of Liquid Water
1. Water’s molecular structure
ATOMS:
- nucleus:
protons: charge = +1, mass = 1
neutrons: charge = 0, mass = 1
- shells/orbitals:
electrons: charge = -1, mass = ~0
ELEMENTS: differ in # of protons
ISOTOPES: differ in number of neutrons (and mass)
IONS: differ in number of electrons (and charge)
11 P
11 N
11 e-
11 P
11 N
10 e-
Charge = 0
Charge = +1

18. H2, O2, CO2, H2O, C6H12O6, proteins, DNA, etc…
III. Why The Differences?
A. The Effects of Liquid Water
1. Water’s molecular structure
BONDS:
Interactions between atoms, forming molecules:
H2, O2, CO2, H2O, C6H12O6, proteins, DNA, etc…
CEMENT
DNA

19. H2 Oxygen (Gas) = O2 O2, CO2, H2O, C6H12O6, proteins, DNA, etc…
III. Why The Differences?
A. The Effects of Liquid Water
1. Water’s molecular structure
BONDS:
Interactions between atoms, forming molecules:
O2, CO2, H2O, C6H12O6, proteins, DNA, etc…
- Covalent Bond: share electrons to fill outermost shell
2, 8, 8 (‘octet rule’)
shared equally = non-polar 2e
8 protons
8 protons 2e H2

20. WATER = H2O O2, CO2, H2O, C6H12O6, proteins, DNA, etc… BONDS:
Interactions between atoms, forming molecules:
O2, CO2, H2O, C6H12O6, proteins, DNA, etc…
- Covalent Bond: share electrons to fill outermost shell
2, 8, 8 (‘octet rule’)
shared equally = non-polar
shared unequally = polar (partial charges)
WATER = H2O
The eight oxygen protons exert a stronger attractive force on the shared electrons than the single proton in each hydrogen atom – ‘pulling’ the cloud of electronegativity off the hydrogen protons, revealing ‘a part’ of their positive charge, and giving the oxygen atom a partial negative charge. Water is a ‘polar’ molecule… with charged ‘poles’.

21. O2, CO2, H2O, C6H12O6, proteins, DNA, etc…
BONDS:
Interactions between atoms, forming molecules:
O2, CO2, H2O, C6H12O6, proteins, DNA, etc…
- Covalent Bond: share electrons to fill outermost shell
- Ionic Bond: attraction between ions
A salt crystal:
IONIC BONDS between sodium and chloride ions

22. O2, CO2, H2O, C6H12O6, proteins, DNA, etc…
BONDS:
Interactions between atoms, forming molecules:
O2, CO2, H2O, C6H12O6, proteins, DNA, etc…
- Covalent Bond: share electrons to fill outermost shell
- Ionic Bond: attraction between ions
- Hydrogen Bonds: Weak attraction of partial charges

23. HYDROGEN BONDS IN THE THREE STATES OF WATER

24. III. Why The Differences?
A. The Effects of Liquid Water
1. Water’s molecular structure
2. Water is called the “universal solvent”
- ions and polar compounds dissolve in water

25. Lecture I: Water World
The Earth and Its Neighbors
Why The Differences?
A. The Effects of Liquid Water
1. Water’s molecular structure
2. Water is called the “universal solvent”
- ions and polar compounds dissolve in water
Charged regions of a glucose molecule

26. Lecture I: Water World
III. Why The Differences?
A. The Effects of Liquid Water
1. Water’s molecular structure
2. Water is called the “universal solvent”
3. Water dissociates into IONS
Hydronium:
Oxygen: 8 protons, 2e first shell, 8 second
3 H: 3 protons
Total: 11 protons, 10 electrons = +1 charge
(will readily give up H+ ion
Hydronium can give up an H+, so same net effect as above…

27. pH scale is negative exponent… so water = 7.0
Lecture I: Water World
III. Why The Differences?
A. The Effects of Liquid Water
1. Water’s molecular structure
2. Water is called the “universal solvent”
3. Water dissociates
In pure water, 1 in 10,000,000 (1 x 10-7) molecules will be dissociated at any one time
The “power” (in terms of exponent) of Hydrogen… you can think of it as percent or proportion of H+.
pH scale is negative exponent… so water = 7.0

28. HCl (Hydrochloric acid) dissociates much more readily in solution.
Lecture I: Water World
III. Why The Differences?
A. The Effects of Liquid Water
1. Water’s molecular structure
2. Water is called the “universal solvent”
3. Water dissociates
17+ 1+
HCl (Hydrochloric acid) dissociates much more readily in solution.
1 in 100 molecules are dissociated = 1 x 10-2
pH = 2.0

29. In presence of water, H+ replaces K+, Na+, and CA+2
CATION DISPLACEMENT
H K+
K-Al-Si3O H-Al-Si3O8
Na-Al-Si3O8
Ca-Al-Si2O8
In presence of water, H+ replaces K+, Na+, and CA+2
These ions – “salts” – go into solution and are carried to the sea…
Lecture I: Water World
III. Why The Differences?
A. The Effects of Liquid Water
1. Water’s molecular structure
2. Water is called the “universal solvent”
3. Water dissociates
4. Weathers rock, putting ions into solution
60% of Earth’s Crust:
Feldspar Minerals

30. Lecture I: Water World
III. Why The Differences?
A. The Effects of Liquid Water
1. Water’s molecular structure
2. Water is called the “universal solvent”
3. Water dissociates
4. Weathers rock, putting ions in solution
5. Carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid

31. Abiogenic Limestone Formation
Bicarbonate ion
Carbonic acid
Carbonate ion
From ‘weathering’ of feldspars
Calcium Carbonate (limestone)

32. Earth Venus Mars CO2 0.035% 96% 95% Abiogenic Limestone Formation
Bicarbonate ion
Carbonic acid
Carbonate ion
Calcium Carbonate (limestone)

33. Limestone CaCO3 Lecture I: Water World III. Why The Differences?
A. The Effects of Liquid Water
B. Tectonic Activity and Subduction
Limestone
CaCO3

34. Where did all the Carbon Dioxide go? 1) Lithosphere
Limestone and Dolomite

35. Lecture I: Water World
III. Why The Differences?
A. The Effects of Liquid Water
B. Tectonic Activity and Subduction
C. ???

36. Topical Review:
- The age, formation, and current structure of the solar system
- Atomic structure, the elements, and the periodic table
- How atoms interact, through bonding, to form molecules and compounds
- the structure and properties of water
- how water is responsible for making Earth’s atmosphere different from that of Venus and Mars
- two philosophical approaches used in science: the comparative method and reductionism