1. Molecular Genetics Transcription & Translation

2. Genetics Terminology
________ - Complete complement of an organism’s DNA.
Cellular DNA is organized in _____________.
______ have specific places on chromosomes.
Q: What does the term expressed have to do with today’s lecture?
Genome
Chromosomes
Genes
Exons

3. Nucleic Acids: DNA Structure

4. Nucleic Acids – RNA Structure
RNA is typically a single-stranded molecule.
Purine Bases (double ring)
Adenine & Guanine
Pyrimidine Bases (single ring)
Cytosine & _______
Uracil

5. Nucleic Acid Structure
Uracil

6. Nucleic Acid Function
Transcription

7. Replication & Transcription
MAKING DNA = ______________
Making a copy of the genetic material.
Think “duplication.”
MAKING RNA= ___________
Transferring the genetic code information (DNA) into RNA.
Think of a medical transcriptionist copying the physicians words into another format.
Replication
Transcription

8. Transcription
Process by which a DNA sequence is copied to produce a complementary RNA.
In other words, it is the transfer of genetic information from DNA into RNA.
Like replication, but making RNA.
Beginning of the process that ultimately leads to the translation of the genetic code (via mRNA) into a protein.

9. Types of RNA
Genetic information copied from DNA is transferred to 3 types of RNA:
__________ RNA: mRNA
Copy of information in DNA that is brought to the ribosome and translated into protein by tRNA & rRNA.
__________ RNA: rRNA
Most of the RNA in cells is associated with structures known as ribosomes, the protein factories of the cells.
It is the site of translation where genetic information brought by mRNA is translated into actual proteins.
___________ RNA: tRNA
Brings the amino acid to the ribosome that mRNA coded for.
Messenger
Ribosomal
Transfer

10. Nucleic Acid Function
Translation

11. Replication, Transcription, Translation
MAKING DNA
Making a copy of the genetic material = Replication
When you think “replication” think “duplication”
Where does replication occur in prokaryotes? Eukaryotes?
MAKING RNA
Transferring genetic code (DNA) to RNA = Transcription
Think of a medical transcriptionist copying the physicians words into another format.
Where does transcription occur in prokaryotes? Eukaryotes?
MAKING PROTEINS
Making proteins = ______________.
Think of how translation relates to languages.
The translation of biology translates DNA information into proteins.
Translation

12. Translation & The ________ _______
_____________ (which contain rRNA) make proteins from the messages encoded in mRNA.
The genetic instructions for a polypeptide chain are ‘written’ in the DNA as a series of
3-nucleotide ‘words.’
______ on mRNA
___________ on tRNA
‘U’ (uracil) replaces ‘T’ in RNA
This is the genetic code.
Q: Where does translation occur in prokaryotes?
Q: Eukaryotes?
Anti-codon
Codon
Click here for animation of ribosome building a protein.
Genetic Code
Ribosomes
Codon
Anti-codon

13. Overview Eukaryotic Cell ______________
Synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA (mRNA).
Actual synthesis of a polypeptide (protein) under the direction of mRNA.
Transcription
Translation

14. Overview
Messenger
Ribosomal
Transfer

15. Overview