1. Sustainable Design Principles

2. The U.S. Green Building Council
to promote the design and construction of buildings that are environmentally responsible, profitable and healthy places to live and work
Mission:

3. The U.S. Green Building Council
National non-profit organization
Diverse membership of organizations
Integrate building design sectors
Lead market transformation
Educate owners & practitioners

4. LEED Green Building Rating System
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
Sustainable Sites
Water Efficiency
Energy & Atmosphere
Materials & Resources
Indoor Environmental Quality
Innovation & Design Process

5. Sustainable Sites site selection Intent:
Limit expansion of developed areas, preserve ecologically productive land
Prevent site disturbance during construction
Do not develop on inappropriate sites
Develop in areas with existing infrastructure, not greenfields
Redevelop brownfield sites

6. Sustainable Sites transportation Intent:
Reduce emissions & land development impacts from vehicle use
Public transportation access
Bicycle storage & changing rooms
Preferred parking for fuel efficient vehicles & carpools
Reduce parking capacity (minimum zoning requirements)

7. Sustainable Sites stormwater / development Intent:
Reduce pollutants & strain on infrastructure,
Reduce stormwater quantity, improve quality (wetlands & vegetated filtration)
Maximize open areas on the site
Protect or restore habitat
Eliminate heat island effect
Light pollution reduction

8. Water Efficiency landscaping Intent:
Eliminate potable water use for irrigation, reduce demand on infrastructure & natural resources
Use native vegetation
Capture rainwater for irrigation
Eliminate site irrigation systems
Reuse condensate water from HVAC systems

9. Water Efficiency wastewater Intent:
Eliminate potable water demand for conveying wastewater
Treat wastewater on-site
Use stormwater/graywater for sewage conveyance
Use high efficiency/dry fixtures
Reduce demand on infrastructure

10. Water Efficiency reduce water consumption Intent:
Conserve water – it is a natural resource
Standard:
Energy Policy Act of 2005
Use high efficiency/dry fixtures
Recycle graywater
Dual flush toilets/low flow shower heads

11. Energy & Atmosphere commissioning Intent:
Construction cost savings
Improved coordination between design, construction & occupancy
Fewer system deficiencies at building turnover
Energy savings
Improved indoor environmental quality
Intent:
Many systems are designed correctly, but installed or operated improperly
A quality-oriented process for achieving, verifying and documenting the performance of facilities, systems and assemblies to meet defined objectives and criteria
Cost of fundamental commissioning +/- $1/SF
Owner develops project requirements
Designer develops basis of design

12. Energy & Atmosphere commissioning
Construction cost savings
Improved coordination between design, construction & occupancy
Fewer system deficiencies at building turnover
Energy savings
Improved indoor environmental quality
Commissioning requirements should be incorporated into the construction documents
Enhanced commissioning includes systems manuals, training & a 10-month review

13. Energy & Atmosphere optimize energy performance Intent:
Reduce energy consumption (reduces pollution)
Includes building envelope, HVAC, lighting
Minimum standard:
ASHRAE
Up to 19 points available for 48% energy reduction
Over 20,000 SF requires whole building energy simulation

14. Energy & Atmosphere optimize energy performance
Building orientation, improved building shell
Appropriately-sized HVAC systems
Energy recovery from exhaust air
Harvest on-site energy: solar, wind, geothermal

15. Energy & Atmosphere reduce refrigerants Intent:
CFC’s deplete the ozone layer
No CFC’s permitted, phase out of old facilities
Reduce use of CFC’s, HCFC’s, HFC’s
Consider use of natural refrigerants: carbon dioxide, ammonia, propane

16. Energy & Atmosphere reduce refrigerants
Maintain equipment: prevent leakage into the atmosphere
Depleted ozone layer permits ultraviolet rays to penetrate the atmosphere

17. Energy & Atmosphere measure & verify Intent:
Measure building energy consumption over time
Establish a base year of operation
Compare future performance to the base
M&V period starts after reasonable occupation & stability

18. Energy & Atmosphere green power Intent:
Promote alternative energy sources
Purchase at least 35% of electricity from Green-e certified provider
Tradable renewable energy certificates (REC’s) can be used

19. Materials & Resources the 3 R’s + 2 Intent:
Reduce materials extracted, reduce their transportation
Reduce: materials extracted
Reuse: existing products
Recycle: demolition & construction waste
ReStore: Habitat for Humanity
Regional: sustainable for the environment & the economy

20. Materials & Resources recycling Intent:
Reduce waste hauled to & disposed of in landfills
During construction: develop waste management plan
Operation: provide an area within the building for storage & collection of recyclables
Minimum: paper, corrugated cardboard, glass, plastic & metals

21. Materials & Resources building reuse Intent:
Extend life cycle of existing buildings, reduce impact of new buildings as they relate to materials & transportation
Reuse structure & envelope
Reuse interior partitions & products where possible
Do not reuse contaminants & hazardous materials
Upgrade HVAC, windows & plumbing fixtures for increased efficiency

22. Materials & Resources materials reuse Intent:
Reuse building materials, reduce demand for virgin materials
“One man’s trash….”
Consider furnishings
Other options: posts & beams, flooring, doors, brick, cabinetry

23. Materials & Resources recycled content Intent:
Reduce demand for virgin materials
Post-consumer: generated by households & businesses
Pre-consumer: generated by manufacturing process
Many suppliers list recycled content
Establish goals during the design phase

24. Materials & Resources recycled content Example:
Steelcase “Context” furniture
40% recycled content
8% post-consumer recycled content
92% recyclable
Context also incorporates water-based adhesives with low VOC’s

25. Materials & Resources regional materials Intent:
Reduce impact of transportation
Options: concrete, block, brick, wood products
West Virginia is in a great location (500 mile radius)
Creates healthier local economy

26. Materials & Resources rapidly renewable materials Intent:
Reduce depletion of finite raw materials
10-year plant-to-harvest cycle
Options: bamboo, wool, linoleum, cork, wheatboard, even poplar

27. Materials & Resources certified woods Intent:
Encourage environmentally responsible forest management
Current standard: Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)
Most West Virginia forests adhere to Sustainable Forest Initiative (SFI) standard
USGBC is reviewing this credit to possibly include SFI

28. Indoor Environmental Quality
minimum performance
Intent:
Enhance indoor air quality in buildings
Indoor air can be 2-5 times more polluted than outdoor air
Prevent “sick building syndrome”
Standard for fresh air:
ASHRAE
Eliminate or contain tobacco smoke
IAQ
Sanitation
Odor/VOC Removal
Ventilation
Humidity Control
Filtration Level

29. Indoor Environmental Quality
ventilation
Intent:
We all need fresh air!
Measure fresh air delivery
Increase natural ventilation… can be difficult while reducing energy use
Monitor air quality during construction to keep workers safe
Protect systems during construction
IAQ
Sanitation
Odor/VOC Removal
Ventilation
Humidity Control
Filtration Level

30. Indoor Environmental Quality
materials
Intent:
Reduce harmful contaminants released by many materials
Adhesives & sealants (GreenSeal standard)
Paints/stains (low VOC)
Flooring (Green Label, Floor Score)
Composite wood (no urea formaldehyde)…remember Katrina trailers

31. Indoor Environmental Quality
reduce pollutants
Intent:
Minimize exposure to pollutants in the indoor environment
Entryway systems
Housekeeping, copy/print rooms & laundry areas: separate HVAC systems
MERV 13 filters

32. Indoor Environmental Quality
occupant comfort
Intent:
Promote productivity, comfort & well-being of occupants
Controllability of lighting & HVAC systems
Set increased HVAC design parameters for temperature & humidity
Give a majority of occupants access to daylight & views

33. Innovation & Design Process
additional items…
Intent:
Be rewarded for exceptional performance above LEED requirements
Innovation
Education of the users & general public
Life cycle cost analysis
Initial Cost
Service Costs
Prevent. Main. Costs
Operating Costs
Disposal Costs

34. ZMM Case Studies Lincoln County High School
Awarded commission in October 2000
Presented green design study to the Superintendent in 2002
Incorporated affordable green design features
Construction bids received in March 2004
Building occupied fall term 2006

35. ZMM Case Studies Lincoln County High School Sustainable Sites:
Building orientation
Erosion and sedimentation control
Stormwater management
Stormwater filtering
Holding pond

36. ZMM Case Studies Lincoln County High School
Explored, but not incorporated:
Bicycle storage
Reflective roof to combat heat island effect
Bid add alternate was $95K – not accepted
Preferred parking for energy efficient vehicles
Could be implemented now at no cost

37. ZMM Case Studies Lincoln County High School Water efficiency:
No landscape irrigation
Water use reduction
Dual flush fixtures
Water saving fixtures
Explored, but not incorporated:
Graywater system
Bid add alternate was $200K, not accepted
Graywater sprinkler system
Bid add alternate was $250K, not accepted

38. ZMM Case Studies Lincoln County High School Energy & Atmosphere:
High efficiency equipment
Condensing boilers (95%+ efficient)
Chiller heat recovery
Fluorescent lighting, high CRI
CFC reduction
No ozone-depleting refrigerants
Explored, but not incorporated:
Full system commissioning
Estimated cost was $200K
Measurement & verification
Estimated cost was $20K

39. ZMM Case Studies Lincoln County High School Materials & Resources:
Storage & collection of recyclables
Educational opportunities of recycling
Local & regional materials
Explored, but not incorporated:
Construction waste recycling
Estimated cost was $50K
Rapidly renewable materials
Wood from managed forests

40. ZMM Case Studies Lincoln County High School
Indoor environmental quality:
CO2 monitoring/control
Construction IAQ management
Low VOC-emitting adhesives, paints & carpets
HVAC digital control system
Daylighting
Building orientation
Automatic light level control
Benefits of natural light
Reduce energy consumption

41. ZMM Case Studies Lincoln County High School Cost breakdown:
Sustainable Sites
Nominal
Water Efficiency
Estimated at $50K
Energy & Atmosphere
Materials & Resources
Indoor Environmental Quality
Estimated at $625K (daylighting & lighting controls make up $600K of this cost)

42. ZMM Case Studies Lincoln County High School
First costs vs. long-term benefits:
First cost of green features
$700,000
$3.23 per square foot
Percent of construction costs
$31,400,000
= 2.25%

43. ZMM Case Studies Lincoln County High School Long-term benefits:
Lower natural gas consumption
Lower water consumption
Lower electricity consumption
Longer life of HVAC equipment
Lower absenteeism
Higher student & teacher performance
Much better indoor air quality
Lower impact on the environment

44. ZMM Case Studies WV State Office Buildings 5, 6 & 7 Sustainable Sites:
The project site has access to public transportation
A bicycle storage & shower area (potentially a campus-wide facility) should be developed to encourage bicycle commuting for employees who live nearby
Prime parking areas should be developed for employees who carpool, as well as for alternative fuel vehicles
The new roof will be highly reflective to reduce heat island effect

45. ZMM Case Studies WV State Office Buildings 5, 6 & 7 Water Efficiency:
Low flow & dual flush fixtures will be used throughout
All new landscaping plans should utilize native vegetation

46. ZMM Case Studies WV State Office Buildings 5, 6 & 7
Energy & Atmosphere:
New windows will help reduce solar heat gain
New, more efficient HVAC system will replace the perimeter induction units
Systems will be commissioned to ensure that all mechanical and electrical systems operate properly

47. ZMM Case Studies WV State Office Buildings 5, 6 & 7
Materials & Resources:
Recycling areas are developed for each floor, and should be developed for the entire campus
A recycling program should be established, and all employees educated in the process
A construction waste management plan will be implemented
Included in the specifications
Has already included recycling of the demolished demountable partitions

48. ZMM Case Studies WV State Office Buildings 5, 6 & 7
Materials & Resources:
Recycled content materials will be utilized, including drywall, steel & acoustic ceiling tiles
Locally & regionally produced materials will be used, including acoustic ceiling tiles, plywood,
carpeting & resilient flooring
Cradle-to-Cradle certified furniture systems are specified
Raised floor with a modular, “plug & play” wiring system will eliminate future demolition waste

49. ZMM Case Studies WV State Office Buildings 5, 6 & 7
Indoor Environmental Quality:
Smoking will be prohibited near entryways & near air intakes
An indoor air quality (IAQ) management plan will be implemented during construction
Air quality will be measured & verified in all occupied areas to ensure that occupants are receiving enough fresh air
All paints, mastics & sealants will contain low VOC’s
Regular replacement of mechanical filters should be implemented

50. SUSTAINABILITY Final thoughts…. It’s not about doing less…
It’s about designing better!
2008
SUSTAINABILITY

51. Exterior Links
The United Nations provides a driving force to help lead the way in dealing with global climate change. The Kyoto Protocol was initially established in 1992 and lead the creation of the UNFCCC, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.