1. Introducing a fleet of zero emission buses
Marc VANHOUTTE
Transdev Group – Bus Fleet Director
Technical and Operations department

2. PTA & Operator within the PT system Development of an e-bus operation
Contents
Preamble
PTA & Operator within the PT system
Development of an e-bus operation
Zuid – Oost Brabant concession
Coming up Amstelland – Meerlanden
concession

3. 1. Preamble – The way to electrification
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4. 1. Preamble - E-buses technologies and charging systems
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5. Battery buses with overnight charging
1. Preamble - E-buses at Transdev worldwide
Battery buses with overnight charging
Mini and Midi buses
BYD – 12 m United States: 30
Sweden: The NL’s total
BYD m United States:
PROTERRA m United States:
HYBRICON m Sweden:
EBUSCO m France (Argenteuil):
BOLLORE m France (Aubervilliers): 5
LINKKER m Finland:
Autobus Lion School bus Canada:
IRIZAR m France (Le Havre): 3
VDL midi bus The NL’s:
Magtec double deck bus United Kingdom
total
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6. Electric buses with opportunity charging
1. Preamble - E-buses at Transdev worldwide
Electric buses with opportunity charging
VDL 18 m The Netherlands (Z.O.Br):
VDL 18 m The Netherlands (AML): 100
Other type of electric driven buses
Hydrogen buses
VDL 18 m H2 – electric The Netherlands
total:
grand total 344
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7. 2. PTA & Operator within the Public Transport system.
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8. 2. Rolling stock – Who is ordering the buses?.
Public Transport authorities (PTAs)
Considered are PTAs not operating the PT. (e.g. agglomerations in France)
Regarding the order for conventional vehicles
The PTA is launching a tender for selecting the brand and model based on an vehicle specification and a RFQ towards bus manufacturers.
The selection of the preferred brand is done without involving the PTOs.
Afterwards a tender is launched towards the PTOs to operate the PT service.
Regarding the order for Zero emission buses.
These PTA’s are not specialized in Z.E. technologies and don’t always know which technology to choose and what kind of infrastructure is needed to charge these buses.
There is also lack of knowledge about the costs of the installations and of the operation.
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9. 2. Rolling stock – Who is ordering the buses?
Consequences:
The introduction of ZE buses in these kind of operations is proceeding slowly.
Within a conventional operation a few electric buses are taking into operation for testing.
With this some brands are tested but only limited experience about the introduction of a large fleet of electric buses is gained.
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10. 2. Rolling stock – Who is ordering the buses?
Bus operators (PTOs)
In some countries the PTAs are launching tenders for operating concessions
A tender demand document is made which is specifying besides the operational demands;
The technology to be used such as:
Low emission in certain regions (CO2 reduction allowing the use of hybrid buses).
Zero emission only full electric buses to be introduced during the concession.
Developing the e-bus operation is up to the offering operator to decide, from fleet size to charging strategy, operation mode, training and maintenance.
The bus operator is proposing the costs for operation with their offer
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11. 2. Rolling stock – Who is ordering the buses?
Consequences:
Bus operators are having a good overview of what is available on the market as e-buses. This allows them to make the most appropriate choice regarding the e-bus technology to be applied when considering the operational conditions.
Bus operators are negotiating the best possible maintenance conditions that assure an operations w.r.t. to the RAMS principles (Reliability – Availability – Maintainability and safety).
The bus operator takes full responsibility for the complete public transport system with e-buses as they have been deciding each part of this system.
The operator has to finance the buses and the infrastructure which can lead to high debt and lack of financial competence.
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12. 2. Financing the buses and the infrastructure
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13. Webinar – Clean Bus Deployment Initiative
2. Return on investment
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14. What are the constraints when developing an e-bus operation
3. Development of an e-bus operation
What are the constraints when developing an e-bus operation
Can we still run the same time table?
What are the constraints with the development of a new time table.
How do we have to specify the e-buses?
“Battery size”
How many extra buses do we need compared with a diesel fleet?
How and where will we recharge the buses?
“Choice of technology and charging infrastructure”
What size of energy supply would we need and how controlling the cost of using the energy?
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15. + TOOLBOX TOOLBOX DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGES TODAY Calculation process
3. Development of an e-bus operation with a toolbox
CHALLENGES
Time table restrictions
Number of buses
Bus specifications
Charging technology
Energy supply
TOOLBOX
TODAY
E-Bus data +
Charging point data
Operational data
Calculation process
TOOLBOX DEVELOPMENT
Moving from a static tool towards a dynamic tool
Smart charging parameters
Energy consumption monitoring
Internationalization (France & beyond)
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16. 3. Development of an e-bus operation - Training
Training drivers
Training in how to drive electric buses in an economical way.
Adaptive driving, taking the foot away from the accelerator means
that the bus is already braking, while using the e-motor as a
generator.
Training depot staff
Training in how to handle e-buses, charging e-buses
How to prepare the buses for operation
Training workshop staff
Today not all e-bus manufacturers allow the operators doing the maintenance on the e-buses, where it is possible intensive training will be necessary to handle the buses when doing maintenance.
Workshop transformation and tooling will be part of this training
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17. 3. Development of an e-bus operation - Maintenance
Learning phase also for many bus manufacturer, a maintenance contract can be negotiated where the manufacturer is willing to take the engagement on a fix M&R cost in some case including the batteries.
Some OEM’s are happy to have the operator as a service partner, extensive training will be necessary as well as the transformation of the workshop to be able to maintain e-buses.
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18. 4. Zuid – Oost Brabant Concession Hermes – Cxx 12/2016 – 12/2026
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19. 4. Zuid-Oost Brabant PT concession set-up
In The Netherlands there is the “Green Deal” this means
From 2025 all acquired vehicles should be ZE
From 2030 all PT fleets should be ZE.
With the tender for Z.O.Brabant the PTA decided that the complete fleet should be ZE from 2025
It considers:
10 year contract with a possible extension of 2 years
Yearly subsidy on the same level as for conventional buses.
Concession awarding on criteria (among them the transition plan towards ZE public transport).
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20. 4. Zuid-Oost Brabant PT concession set-up
It considers:
Implementation in different phases: to be proposed by the PTO on the
conditions that the transition of the complete fleet to ZE before 2025 is realized.
Special measures to assure the depreciation of the ZE buses and the charging infrastructure.
Spread introduction
Depreciation over min.10 years made possible.
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21. 4. Zuid-Oost Brabant PT concession set-up
The Public Transport concession covers a region with inhabitants
Main Cities:
Eindhoven: inhabitants
Helmond: inhabitants
The PT concession consists of:
City lines within Eindhoven and Helmond.
Interurban lines
Neighborhood buses (8 passengers) and school buses
Total concession contains today 215 buses
Contract start : December 11, 2016
Contract demands: Transition of the complete fleet to a Z.E. fleet before 1st of January 2025.
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22. 4. Zuid - Oost Brabant – e-bus introduction planning
Connexxion decided to offer an electric fleet in different phases and to operate a fleet of electric articulated buses from the start of the new concession.
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23. 4. Zuid – Oost Brabant e-bus specification
VDL SLFA – 181 Electric
Number of vehicles: 43 articulated E-buses
Technology used: Combination of overnight and opportunity charging
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24. 4. Zuid – Oost Brabant e-bus specification
Battery capacity: 180 kWh (9 modules of 20 kW mounted on the roof).
Range: Between 65 and 85 km with one charge.
Passengers capacity: 41 fixed seats.
5 folding seats.
Total capacity: 136 passengers. (2 platforms included)
Access to the bus: 4 double doors
Manual ramp
Comfort: Full air-conditioning system
Heating with heat pump and additional diesel heat generator.
Free WIFI and USB connection with every seat
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25. 4. Zuid – Oost Brabant e-bus specification bus routes
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27. - The depot is located at 1,5 km from the railway station
4. Zuid – Oost Brabant Charging strategy
- All battery charging is done at the depot in Eindhoven.
- The depot is located at 1,5 km from the railway station
where all lines with electric buses starts and ends.
- Buses that will have to be charged will be replaced by a
fully charged bus at the railway station.
- Slow charging during the night (4.5 hours)
Fast charging during the day (35 minutes at charging
speed 1.5 C).
- Therefore 6 extra buses for charging are needed
= 43 e-buses.
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28. - Installation of 3 transformers of each 1.600 KVA and to
4. Zuid – Oost Brabant - charging equipment phase 1
Energy connection
10 MVA connection on e-network (only 50% used today).
- Installation of 3 transformers of each KVA and to
convert Volt to 400 Volt.
Charging equipment
DC fast chargers of 300 kW (2 hoods) - 3 fast chargers
placed in open air, the others inside the depot.
22 DC slow chargers of 30 kW (1 hood) overnight charging.
2 mobile chargers (workshop).
- Monitoring charging equipment: VDL bus manufacturer
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29. 4. Zuid – Oost Brabant Charging equipment phase 1
43 articulated e-buses since Dec 11, 2016
180 kWh battery pack
Transition of the complete fleet to a Z.E. fleet before 1st of January 2025.
(216 e-buses)
22 slow chargers and 10 fast chargers
Slow charging during the night (4 hours)
Fast charging during the day (35 min.)
Exchanging buses at the railway station
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30. 4. Zuid – Oost Brabant Charging equipment phase 1
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31. 5. Coming Up: Amstelland – Meerlanden concession
Concession won by Connexxion (Transdev NL)
Start concession: 10 December 2017
Starting with 270 buses among them 100 articulated e-buses.
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32. 5. Coming Up: Amstelland – Meerlanden concession
2 different types of articulated e-buses
Starting in December 2017 with 49 electric articulated buses on R-net
170 kWh battery pack
Additional 85 electric R-net buses end of 2020
51 electric articulated buses on Schipholnet.
Adding 2 e-buses during the contract.
Introducing 78 electric articulated high capacity e-buses.
end of December Bringing the total electric fleet towards 266 units.
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