1. youth, culture
and mission

2. What is culture?
How is culture formed?

3. culture

5. Features of Definition of Culture
Human activity or product
About ‘ways of living’ or ‘patterns of behaviour’
Shared or group activity
Transmitted through people, socialisation
Context is critical
Constantly changing

6. 3 recalls 2 insights 1 questions
321 RIQ
3 recalls 2 insights 1 questions

7. cultural
Formation

8. Socialisation Context

9. Socialisation “is the process by which individuals acquire the knowledge, skills and character traits that enable them to participate as effective members of groups and society”
Berns 2013

10. “within any culture or subculture, settings of a given kind – such as homes, streets or offices – tend to be very much alike, whereas between cultures they are distinctly different’
(Bronfenbrenner, 1979, p. 4)

11. Bioecological Systems Theory
Urie Bronfenbrenner

12. Who we are, and the actions that we may take, is largely influenced by our external environment

13. human development occurs through “progressively more complex reciprocal interactions between an active evolving biopsychological human organism and the persons, objects and symbols in its immediate external environment”
(Bronfenbrenner, 2004, p. 150)

14. “if we want to change behaviour we have to change environments”
(Bronfenbrenner, 1979, p. x).

15. process
person
context
time

16. Bronfenbrenner defines proximal processes which are interactions between individuals and their environment. These occur over time and are the “primary mechanism producing human development” (Bronfenbrenner & Morris, 2006, p. 795) The power of such processes to influence development is presumed, and shown, to vary substantially as a function of the characteristics of the developing person, of the immediate and more remote environmental contexts, and the time periods, in which the proximal processes take place (Bronfenbrenner, 1995, p. 795).

18. 1. Microsystem
Includes the immediate surroundings of an individual (family, school, peer group, neighbourhood), and also one’s personal biological make-up

19. Microsystems

20. 2. Mesosystem
Composed of connections between one’s immediate environments; i.e. – between the home and school

21. Mesosystems

22. 3. Exosystem
Made up of external environmental settings that only indirectly affect development but of which, the individual is not part; i.e. one’s parents’ workplace

24. 4. Macrosystem
Comprised of the larger cultural context; the values, customs, laws, beliefs, traditions of the surrounding culture; i.e. – national economy, Eastern/Western culture, political culture, sub-culture

25. Macrosystems

26. 5. Chronosystem
change over time; the patterning of environmental events and transitions over the course of a life

28. Socialisation

29. Methods of Socialisation
Affective – Attachment
Operant – Reinforcement, Punishment, Feedback, Learning by Doing
Observational – Modelling
Cognitive – Instruction, Setting standards, Reasoning
Sociocultural – Group pressure, tradition, rituals and routines, symbols
Apprenticeship