2. Topics to be discussed Transmission line Type of connections
Electromagnetic spectrum and bandwidth
Analog and digital transmission
Multiplexing
Telecommunication and data standard bodies
Transmission media

3. Transmission Line Prerequisite – 5 types Understandability
Error control
5 types
Circuits
Channels
Lines
Trunks
Virtual circuits

4. Circuits Constraints 2-wire 4-wire Distance Amplification
<2 miles coverage
Analog local loop
4-wire

5. Loop (Local or Station)
Loop Start
Station
PBX or Central Office
Loop (Local or Station) +
Switch –
DC Current +
Switch – AC
Ringing +
Switch –

6. Digital Loop Digital Network
4-wire
All digital circuits
PSTN
2 types
Physical
Logical
FDM
Digital Trunking
Exchange
Analog Loop
Digital Network
POTS
L.E.
Digital Loop Digital Network
ISDN
Switch

7. A Path for conversation Lines Connection for a single user Trunks
repeater
switch
PBX
SS7 & IN PC
MODEM
Station equipment (e.g. telephone sets, MODEMs, FAX machines, …)
Transmission equipment (e.g. repeaters, multiplexers, DCS)
Network signaling and control (e.g. SS7 and IN)
Channels
A Path for conversation
Lines
Connection for a single user
Trunks
Connection for a group of users
Switches
Connects two Tx. Lines
CPE (Customer premise equipment)
Network switch

8. Virtual Circuit Virtual Circuits Permanent Virtual Circuits
Configured for dedicated users
Switched Virtual Circuits
Configured as per demand (hotels, airport)

9. Structure of the telephone network