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Published byElizabeth Morris Modified over 6 years ago
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Topics to be discussed Transmission line Type of connections
Electromagnetic spectrum and bandwidth Analog and digital transmission Multiplexing Telecommunication and data standard bodies Transmission media
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Transmission Line Prerequisite – 5 types Understandability
Error control 5 types Circuits Channels Lines Trunks Virtual circuits
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Circuits Constraints 2-wire 4-wire Distance Amplification
<2 miles coverage Analog local loop 4-wire
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Loop (Local or Station)
Loop Start Station PBX or Central Office Loop (Local or Station) + Switch – DC Current + Switch – AC Ringing + Switch –
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Digital Loop Digital Network
4-wire All digital circuits PSTN 2 types Physical Logical FDM Digital Trunking Exchange Analog Loop Digital Network POTS L.E. Digital Loop Digital Network ISDN Switch
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A Path for conversation Lines Connection for a single user Trunks
repeater switch PBX SS7 & IN PC MODEM Station equipment (e.g. telephone sets, MODEMs, FAX machines, …) Transmission equipment (e.g. repeaters, multiplexers, DCS) Network signaling and control (e.g. SS7 and IN) Channels A Path for conversation Lines Connection for a single user Trunks Connection for a group of users Switches Connects two Tx. Lines CPE (Customer premise equipment) Network switch
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Virtual Circuit Virtual Circuits Permanent Virtual Circuits
Configured for dedicated users Switched Virtual Circuits Configured as per demand (hotels, airport)
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Structure of the telephone network
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