3. “Earthrise” Apollo 8

4. MINOR BODIES OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM
CHAPTER 28
THE MOON

5. Sputnik Launched 1957 Initiated the space race Russian Launched 1958

6. “LUNA” – Latin for Moon The Moon - A natural satellite
Between … six Apollo spacecrafts sent to the moon.
Gravity not strong enough to hold a significant atmosphere (no atmosphere)
Surface temperatures vary widely.
134oC (day) to -170oC (night)
Reflects light from the sun
Less massive, 1/6th the gravity of Earth.

7. The space race 1st man in space (Russian): 1961- Yuri Gagarin
1st American in space: Alan Shepard
1st American to orbit the earth: 1962-John Glenn
1st American space walk: 1965 – Ed White
1st Americans to land on moon: Neil Armstrong stepped down first, then Buzz Aldrin, and also Michael Collins

8. The Lunar Surface Light patches - highlands * Dark patches
- solidified lava
- “Maria”
- “Mare” = “Sea”
- basalt rocks
Craters
- depressions
Rilles
- long deep channels (lava)
Ridges

9. Rilles

10. Regolith Lunar Rocks Dust & rock layer Due to meteorite impacts
Many similar to Earth
Elements in different proportions
Igneous
Silicon and oxygen (surface)
Basalts (lava flows)
breccias

11. Interior of the moon Data collected from seismographs Crust
Near Side
(always facing Earth)
thinner, more mare
Far Side
(always faces away)
more mountainous
Mantle – thick, solid
Core – small, Fe (Iron)

12. Formation of the moon Giant Impact Hypothesis
A large Mars-sized object collided with Earth 4 billion years ago
Earth was molten, parts of Earth were ejected into space; the debris clumped together to form the moon.
The moon started out molten and cooled over time.
Many impact craters formed
Craters that are more recent show rays (regolith).

13. Moon’s formation

14. Earth and moon revolve around each other
X= barycenter
Rotation =
27.3 days
Revolution = 27.3 days
Earth and moon revolve around each other
- Barycenter (the point of revolution)
Apogee
Point farthest in orbit
Perigee
Point closest in orbit

15. Phases of the moon Due to the revolution of the moon
New moon – sunlight hits only far side of moon, not lighted
Waxing – size of the lighted part of the moon is increasing
Waxing crescent
First quarter
Waxing gibbous
Full moon – sunlight hits the near side of the moon
Waning – size of the lighted part of the moon is decreasing
Waning gibbous
Third quarter
Waning crescent
Time from new moon to new moon = 29.5 days
Blue moon – the second full moon that happens in a month

18. Eclipse – when one celestial body passes into the shadow of another
Lunar eclipse
Solar eclipse
The Earth is between the moon and the sun.
Total lunar eclipse
April 15, 2014
Partial lunar eclipse
August 4, 2015
Moon looks red
Moon is directly between the sun and earth.
Sun’s light is blocked by moon.
Total solar eclipse
August 21, 2017
Partial solar eclipse
October 23, 2014

20. Solar eclipse Lunar eclipse
Only seen by those in umbra
Seen by everyone on dark side of the Earth.

21. Tides on Earth
Tides form due to the moon’s (and the sun’s) gravitational pull on the Earth.
The near side of the Earth is pulled more than the far side.
Earth’s rotation sets up a regular rhythm of tidal bulges each day.
Centrifugal force causes opposite sides of the earth to experience the same tidal rhythm.

22. High and Low tides Semi-diurnal  2 highs and 2 lows/day
Diurnal  1 high and 1 low/day
SUN
Sun’s Gravitational Pull

23. Spring and Neap tides Spring Tides Neap Tides
Occurs at full and new moons
Every two weeks
Combined effect
Bigger tidal range
Higher highs,
lower lows.
Neap Tides
Occurs at 3rd and 1st quarter
Opposing forces
Less extreme tidal range