1. Gustatory and Olfactory Systems
Chemical Senses
Gustatory and Olfactory Systems

2. LOCATION OF THE SENSE ORGAN
STRUCTURE OF THE SENSE ORGAN
CONNECTIONS TO THE CNS
PROJECTIONS WITHIN THE CNS
CODING OF THE STIMULUS
SENSORY DISORDERS (CLINICAL)

3. GUSTATION
The Sense of Taste

4. Costanzo, 2002, Fig. 3-25
Costanzo, 2006, Fig. 3-25

6. Netter Presenter, 2004, III.9
Netter Presenter, 2004, III.9 (Modified*)

11. I V1 VII V2 IX V3 X I - olfactory nerve
V1- ophthalmic division (trigeminal nerve)
V2 - maxillary division (trigeminal nerve)
V2 - mandibular division (trigeminal nerve)
VII – chorda tympani branch of facial nerve
IX - glossopharyngeal nerve
X - vagus nerve X

12. purves15.10.jpg
purves15.10.jpg
From Purves, 2001

14. Costanzo, 2002, Fig. 3-28
Costanzo, 2006, Fig. 3-28

15. purves15.11a.jpg
purves15.11a.jpg
From Purves, 2001

18. TASTE DISORDERS QUANTITATIVE HYPERGEUSIA AGEUSIA HYPOGEUSIA
QUALITATIVE
CACOGEUSIA
PARAGEUSIA

19. OLFACTION
The Sense of Smell

21. Netter Presenter, 2004, III.84
Netter Presenter, 2004, III.84

26. Costanzo, 2002, Fig. 3-24
Costanzo, 2002, Fig. 3-24

30. Netter Presenter, 2004, III.85
Netter Presenter, 2004, III.85

31. purves15.1c&d.jpg
From Purves, 2001

34. Schmidt, 1986, Fig. 9-4
Schmidt, 1986, Fig. 9-4

36. Schmidt, 1986, Fig. 9-4
Schmidt, 1986, Fig. 9-4

37. "odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system"
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2004
Richard Axel and Linda B. Buck
for their discoveries of
"odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system"
Buck, L. and Axel, R. (1991) Cell, vol. 65,
Discovery of large family of genes (Approx 1000) that give rise to 1000 odorant receptor proteins - G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)
Total of 25,000 protein coding genes in genome
1000 odorant receptor genes in mouse (4.0%)
350 odorant receptor genes in human (1.4%)
Odorant receptor subtypes project to only 1 or 2 glomeruli in the olfactory bulb.
Odorants are encoded by the unique pattern of activity they generate in the brain.
Nobelprize.org , 2004

38. Mori et.al.,Science 286: , 1999

40. SMELL DISORDERS QUANTITATIVE HYPEROSMIA ANOSMIA HYPOSMIA QUALITATIVE
CACOSMIA
PAROSMIA

41. ETIOLOGY OF OLFACTORY DISORDERS
Head Injury
Chemical Exposure
Nasal Sinus Disease
Tumors
Idiopathic
Medications
Aging
Alzheimer’s Disease

44. CLINICAL ASSESSMENT
History and Physical Exam
Olfactory Function Tests

46. Netter Presenter, 2004, III.100A
Netter Presenter, 2004, III.100A

61. EDUCATION AND COUNSELING
Health & Safety Issues
Dietary Issues
Vocational Issues
Quality of Life Issues

62. SUMMARY Specialized Smell and Taste Centers Clinical Assessment
Multidisciplinary approach
Clinical Assessment
Diagnostic Tests
Patient Management
Counseling and Support