1. Vertebrates I
Chapter 17

2. Vertebrate Characteristics
Skull
Vertebrae
Skeletons that are alive
Endoskeletons
Composed of bones and cartilage

3. Vertebrates have Ribs Skeletal structures supporting limbs Joints
Skull
Vertebral Column
Organs
Most Have:
Ribs
Skeletal structures supporting limbs
Joints
Muscles

4. Circulatory System
Function of blood: to carry food to all cells of the body and to transport O2 and carries CO2
Oxygenated vs. deoxygenated blood
Oxygenated takes O2 from the heart to the rest of the body
Deoxygenated brings back CO2 from the body to exchange for O2

5. How many chambers? 2, 3, 4? Fish have two-chambered hearts
One receives blood and the other pumps it out
GillsO2Rest of Body
Reptiles and amphibians have three-chambered hearts
One gets deoxy and the other gets oxy… the third mixes the two together and pumps it out
Birds and mammals have four-chambered hearts
The chambers on one side have oxy and the chambers on the other side have deoxy
Deoxygenated side pumps blood to the lungs. The lungs send the blood back to the other side of the heart with oxygen
The oxygenated side sends the blood to the rest of the body!

7. Respiratory SYSTEM Gills Lungs Water
Gills take O2 from water and give off CO2
Capillaries in the gills exchange the gases
Air
Lungs exchange O2 for CO2
Different ways to breathe

8. Central Nervous system (CNS)
Consists of the brain and the spinal cord
This is where reactions are controlled
The brain is the master…he decides what happens!
We are using a frog as our example for the nervous system!

9. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Consists of nerves that run throughout the body, sensory receptors and sensory organs
Sensory Organ- collection of sensory receptors (eye)
Cranial Nerves
Spinal Nerves

10. Fish are ectothermic: their body temp changes with their surroundings

11. Fish Anatomy Fish flex their entire bodies to move
Some fish have swim bladders
Scales for protection
Lateral Line to detect pressure and vibration
Nostrils are for smelling
Reproduce by spawning

12. Amphibians Ectothermic Amphibian means double life
Half of life in the water and the other on land!
Amphibians

13. Metamorphosis
Process that changes an amphibian from a gilled aquatic organism to an air breathing organism

14. Tailless Amphibians Toads are dry and might be far from water
Frogs have moist skin and are usually near water
Eggs  Tadpoles (gills and tails  develop lungs and resorb their tails
Frogs and toads hybernate

15. Frogs and Toads eat Frogs eat bugs, worms, snails etc.
Toads can eat small birds and fish
Catches its food with its tongue- like lightning!
Frogs have sticky tongues
Two sets of teeth for holding food in
Swallows by blinking

16. Reptiles all breath with lungs and they don’t experience metamorphosis
Although many people clump amphibians and reptiles together they are very different
Reptiles all breath with lungs and they don’t experience metamorphosis

17. Reptile characteristics
Ectothermic
Three-chambered heart
Scaly skin protects from drying out
Leathery eggshells allow for laying far from water

18. Living Reptiles
Four Groups 1. Snakes and Lizards 2. Alligators and Crocodiles 3. Turtles 4. Tuataras

19. Lizards- four legs, ear openings, movable eyelids
Snakes and lizards
Snakes-no legs, no ear openings, immovable eyelids, tongue detects food and danger
Lizards- four legs, ear openings, movable eyelids
Both molt: shed skin periodically

20. Eating
Snakes have double hinged jaws so that they can open their mouths really wide!
Red on black, friend to Jack…red on yellow, keell that fellow!

21. Crocodiles and Alligators
Crocodiles and alligators live in shallow waters-streams, rivers, swamps and lakes
Usually found in tropical areas
Use tails to propel through water
Nostrils and eyes can stay above water
Distinguished by the shape of their mouths
Crocs- narrow, pointed snouts Gators- broad rounded snouts

22. Sea Turtles- live in the ocean Paddle-shaped legs for swimming
Tortoises- live entire life on land
Terrapins- freshwater that venture onto land

23. Turtle Characteristics
Two hard, bony shells that protect their bodies
Bony plates covered with large scales
Some turtles can pull all of their extremities into their shell