1. Chapter 16: Social and Personality Development in Adolescents
16.1 Identity and Self-Esteem
16.2 Relationships with Parents and Peers
16.3 The Dark Side

2. 16.1 Identity and Self-Esteem
The Search for Identity
Ethnic Identity
Self-Esteem in Adolescence

3. The Search for Identity
Adolescents use hypothetical reasoning to experiment with different selves
Often go through several different stages, such as diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium, and achievement
Typically don’t reach achievement status for all aspects of identity at the same time
16.1 Identity and Self-Esteem

4. Relation of Age and Identity Status

5. Ethnic Identity
Individuals from minority groups often establish an ethnic identity.
Occurs in 3 phases: initial disinterest, exploration of ethnic heritage, and achievement of ethnic self-concept
Adolescents who have achieved an ethnic identity have higher self-esteem
16.1 Identity and Self-Esteem

6. Self-Esteem in Adolescence
Some studies show drop in self-esteem as move from elementary school to middle school or junior high
Drop is usually temporary and is the result of new peer comparisons
16.1 Identity and Self-Esteem

7. 16.2 Relationships with Parents and Peers
Parent-Child Relationships in Adolescence
Relationships with Peers

8. Parent-Child Relationships in Adolescence
As teens become more independent, relationship with parents becomes more egalitarian
Most teens love their parents, rely on them for advice, embrace many of parents’ values, and feel loved
16.2 Relationships with Peers and Parents

9. Relationships with Peers
Some crowds have higher status
Groups have a dominance hierarchy
Groups exert pressure primarily where social standards are fuzzy
Loyalty, trust, & intimacy are important to adolescent friendships
Primary function of dating varies with age
16.2 Relationships with Peers and Parents

10. 16.3 The Dark Side
Drug Use
Depression
Delinquency

11. Drug Use Most teens avoid drugs, except alcohol
Teens drink to relax, experiment, escape the real world, and to feel exhilarated and less inhibited
Teens more likely to drink if alcohol is important part of parents’ social lives
Some teens drink due to peer pressure
16.3 The Dark Side

12. Drug Use in Teens

13. Depression
Pervasive feelings of sadness, irritability, and low self-esteem
Sometimes triggered by life event
Heredity has role in depression
Treat with drugs and psychotherapy
Many who commit suicide are depressed and show other warning signs
16.3 The Dark Side

14. Suicide Rates

15. Delinquency Adolescents commit many of the index offenses in the U.S.
Factors related to life-course persistent antisocial behavior: lower social class, inadequate parental supervision, lack of self-control, & aggressive/impulsive behavior
Delinquency treated on many fronts
16.3 The Dark Side

16. Teenage Crime Rates