1. Ch 12 Aldehydes and Ketones
Naming and Properties

2. Carbonyl Functional Group

3. oxygen video

4. Aldehydes
Functional group is a carbonyl group bonded to an end-standing Carbon (#1)
Condensed structural formula is indicated as –CHO (COH is alcohol)

5. Ketones
Carbonyl group is bonded to a central carbon of a parent alkane or a ring

6. Aldehyde Naming CH3 CH3 – CH2 – CH – CH2 – CH2 – C – H
1. Find longest C-chain containing carbonyl group
2. Name: drop the alkane‘e’ replace with ‘-al’ : hexanal
3. In aldehydes, carbonyl is always C#1 – no number needed – implied in aldehyde name!
4. Locate/list other substituents: 4-methylhexanal

7. Ketone Naming –CO– Cl CH3 – CH – C – CH2 – CH2 – CH3
1. Find longest C-chain containing carbonyl group
2. Name: drop alkane ‘e’ replace with ‘-one’ hexanone
3. Number: Carbonyl gets lowest possible number 3-hexanone ( longer ketones need location number for carbonyl)
4. Locate/list other substituents in front
2-chloro-3-hexanone

8. Complex molecules with everything…..
Use substituent name carbonyl (list alpha under C)

9. Properties of Aldehydes & Ketones
intermolecular forces of Carbonyls
Dipoles
Van der Waals – depending on Carbon chain length
Length of Carbon chain
C1-C2 gas, C3 -C10: liquid, C11 and higher: solids

10. Melting and Boiling Points
Aldehydes/ketones have BP between alkanes and alcohols, close to ethers
Intermolecular forces: Dipoles and Van-der-Waals, but no H-Bonds with each other!!!!

12. Solubility
Aldehydes and ketones with 4 or less carbons are very soluble in water
Carbonyl can H-bond with water

13. Rx of Aldehydes and Ketones

14. Oxidation of Aldehydes
Aldehydes can be oxidized
Visible as addition of Oxygen
aldehyde carboxylic acid

15. Oxidation of Ketones Ketones cannot be oxidized!!!
No H that can be removed
No O can be added

16. Benedict’s Test
[O]
+ Cu2+ +O2 → Cu2O
Glucose Gluconic Acid

18. Sequential Oxidation of Carbon Compounds
Purpose: gradual release of chemical bond energy that can be captured (ATP) instead of a quick combustion that produces mostly heat, light (useless for the body)
alkane→ 1° alcohol → aldehyde→carboxylate→ CO2
alkane →2o alcohol →ketone → Ø
Branched alkane → 3o alcohol → Ø

19. agains the grain