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The Eastern Powers.

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Presentation on theme: "The Eastern Powers."— Presentation transcript:

1 The Eastern Powers

2 The Eastern Powers How can we compare, contrast the eastern powers?
What were their different responses to the West, modernity? Who made out, and who didn’t?

3 The Ottoman Empire The Eighteenth-century Problems
Janissary discipline declined Dependent on European economy Territories lost

4 The Ottoman Empire The Greek Revolt (1821-29) Fueled by nationalism
Ottomans, Egypt vs. Greeks, Great Powers Battle of Navarino (October 20, 1827) Greek victory  Kingdom of Greece (1830) Battle of Navarino

5 The Ottoman Empire Gate of Patriarch Gregory V, the Phanar, Istanbul

6 The Ottoman Empire

7 The Ottoman Empire Reforms of Mahmud II (r. 1808-1839)
New, European-styled army  elimination of Janissaries (1826) Updated bureaucracy Embassies in Europe

8 The Ottoman Empire Turkish coffee Apple tea

9 The Ottoman Empire Prof. Drenas’s Turkish tea set

10 The Ottoman Empire The Tanzimat (1839-1876)
“Reorganization” along European, secular lines New trends and reforms OTTOMANISM New schools, outside control of ulama Constitution (1876)

11 The Ottoman Empire Reaction of Abdul Hamid II (r. 1876-1909)
“Pan-Islam” Suspended constitution Censoring, spies Brutal suppression of revolts

12 The Ottoman Empire Questions?

13 Russia The Decembrist Revolt (Dec. 14, 1825)
Alexander I  Nicholas I (r ) Secret societies wanted reform, constitution Reform-minded troops revolted  failure

14 Russia Nicholas’s Program Orthodoxy, autocracy, nationality Censorship
Political police “Gendarme of Europe” Nicholas I

15 Russia Crimean War ( ) Began over Orthodox rights, Russian claims in Ottoman Empire Russia invaded Ottoman territory  British, French declaration of war Russian defeat!

16 Russia Reforms of Alexander II (r. 1855-1881)
EMANCIPATION MANIFESTO (1861) Judicial (1864) Military (1874) Alexander II

17 Russia Assassination of Alexander II (March 13, 1881)
Previous attempts The People’s Will Bomb explosion  mortally wounded

18 Russia Questions?

19 Japan The West Confronts Japan Tokugawa shoguns maintained isolation
Commodore Perry demanded opening of ports (1853) Japan agreed The arrival of Commodore Perry

20 Japan Meiji Restoration (1868)
Support for shogunate eroded  civil war ( ) Power now “restored” to Emperor Meiji (r ) New capital: Tokyo Emperor Meiji

21 Japan Modernization – Japanese Style!
Feudalism abolished  centralized state National army, navy Universal primary school system Shinto Industrialization

22 Japan

23 Japan Japan and the World
Victor in wars with China ( ), Russia ( ) First Asian state to defeat European power! West accepted it as equal player

24 Japan Questions?

25 China The Qing and the British
British confined to Guangzhou, lost considerably in trade exchanges Requests for additional ports, presence in Beijing rejected (1793, 1816) Solution: opium  widespread addiction China’s trade surplus disappeared

26 China Opium den

27 China The Opium Wars (1839-42, 1858-60)
China suffered British, French attacks Consequences Hong Kong  British More ports open Extraterritoriality for Westerners Nemesis destroying a junk

28 China The Qing No capable rulers Empress Dowager CIXI (1835-1908)
Regent for son, nephew Notorious for luxury, self-indulgence Blocked reform Cixi

29 China

30 China The Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901)
Captured and killed foreigners, missionaries Laid siege to embassies in Beijing Western powers, Japan captured Beijing

31 China

32 China The Revolution of 1911
Many called for overthrow of Qing, formation of republic Revolt (October 1911)  abdication of Xuantong (r ) Republic of China declared 1912

33 China

34 China Questions?

35 The Eastern Powers How can we compare, contrast the eastern powers?
What were their different responses to the West, modernity? Who made out, and who didn’t?

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