1. Foreign and Defense Policy

2. Foreign and Defense Policy
Our Foreign Policy Past Through Eras
Isolationism
Manifest Destiny
Collective Security
World Power
Policy-making
Actors
Influences

3. Era of Foreign Policy Isolationism
Washington’s Farewell Address (1796) (the first President) – recommended Isolationism for this country – the “true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world”
Monroe Doctrine: The Monroe Doctrine was a U.S. policy of opposing European colonialism in the Americas beginning in It stated that further efforts by European nations to take control of any independent state in North or South America would be viewed as "the manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward the United States” – Monroe declared the US would not allow further European colonization of our land or our people
We moved into a new era with these actions and these statements…..manifest destiny

4. Era of Foreign Policy
Manifest Destiny (19th Century) – the expansion westward, that has been commanded/ approved by a religious being: a widely held belief in the United States that its settlers were destined to expand across North America.
Louisiana Purchase (1803) – beginning of Manifest Destiny idea: The Louisiana Purchase was a land deal between the United States and France, in which the U.S. acquired approximately 827,000 square miles of land west of the Mississippi River for $15 million.
Mexican-American War – 1846 – we took land from Mexico (Texas) and began our expansion westward
Civil War – (the War to preserve the Union) – caused temporary isolationism due to internal strife and finances

5. Era of Foreign Policy Manifest Destiny
Roosevelt stated that it is our “job” to protect Latin America and the Caribbean
1903 – we engaged in Panama against the Columbia surge (what is our interest?)
1914 – we helped to open the Panama Canal
We became the “gatekeepers of the Americas”

6. Era of Foreign Policy
Collective Security (It was these alliances that came into effect at the start of the First World War in 1914) – if your allies are attacked, it is the job of the international community to provide assistance and “protect” that nation
World War I – we fought to protect our allies in Europe; began with economic and defensive aid, but no troops; later transitions to men on the ground to assist.
two opposing alliances: the Allies (based on the Triple Entente of the Russian Empire, the French Third Republic, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland) versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary.

7. Era of Foreign Policy Collective Security No more secret treaties
Treaty of Versailles – ends WWI
Wilson’s 14 Points (6 below – a great list)
No more secret treaties
Freedom of the seas
Free trade
Decolonization
Disarmament
Creation of a League of Nations
Congress would not agree to the Treaty of Versailles for political reasons (Democrats vs. Republicans), therefore, the US never signs and ratifies the Treaty

8. Era of Foreign Policy Collective Security to Isolationism
Great Depression hits in 1929, which will send us into a period of isolationism out of financial necessity
1939 – WWII breaks out in Europe; we provided economic aid to our allies but avoided war
December 7th, 1941 – (know this date) – the “day which will live in infamy”; the day of attack on Pearl Harbor: A major United States naval base in Hawaii that was attacked without warning by the Japanese air force on December 7, 1941, with great loss of American lives and ships.
We officially declared war on Japan on December 8th

9. Era of Foreign Policy World Power
WWII – solidified our global strength as a world power
1945 – United Nations was created (in the image of the League of Nations)
Truman Doctrine – containment – we will do whatever it takes to contain communism
The Truman Doctrine (1947) – President Harry Truman, brought about the Cold War. The Truman Doctrine was an American foreign policy created to counter Soviet geopolitical expansion during the Cold War.

10. Era of Foreign Policy World Power
1949 – NATO was created – the military counterpart to the UN; allowed UN to be diplomatic and NATO to provide military
– Korean War; when North Korea invaded South Korea
Fought in the early 1950s between the United Nations, supported by the United States, and the communist Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea).
we participated because of containment policy – we lost more US troops in 3 years than compared to any other war
1961 – Bay of Pigs in Cuba: was an unsuccessful invasion of Cuba by Cuban exiles, supported by the U.S. government.
1962 – Cuban Missile Crisis: A confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union in 1962 over the presence of missile sites in Cuba; one of the “hottest” periods of the cold war.
1959 – 1975 – Vietnam War-containment

11. The Vietnam War (1955–75) was a Cold War conflict pitting the U. S
The Vietnam War (1955–75) was a Cold War conflict pitting the U.S. and the remnants of the French colonial government in South Vietnam against the indigenous but communist Vietnamese independence movement, the Viet Minh, following the latter's expulsion of the French in 1954. .

12. Era of Foreign Policy World Power
Nixon Doctrine – 1974 – Nixon says we will no longer provide troops to fight Communism; policy of détente
1979 – Iranian Hostage Crisis
Carter Doctrine – 1979 – We will do whatever it takes to protect our interests in the Persian Gulf
Fall of the Berlin Wall – end of the Cold War

13. Era of Foreign Policy World Power
Reagan and his policies of SALT and “Star Wars” are effective in the Cold War: The Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) were two rounds of bilateral conferences and corresponding international treaties involving the United States and the Soviet Union—the Cold War superpowers—on the issue of armament control. The two rounds of talks and agreements were SALT I and SALT II.
Fall of the Berlin Wall – 1989 – end of the Cold War:
The Berlin Wall. During the early years of the Cold War, West Berlin was a geographical loophole through which thousands of East Germans fled to the democratic West. In response, the Communist East German authorities built a wall that totally encircled West Berlin
Today, our power was tested by 9/11 and is still tested frequently by global terrorism

14. THREE FOREIGN POLICY TYPES:

15. People and Influences FOREIGN POLICY BUREAUCRACY:
National Security Council (NSC)
- Advises the President on matters of Foreign policy
- Coordinates international activities of CIA, Department of
Defense
State Department
- Engages in Diplomacy
- Formulate Foreign Policy
- Coordinates aid
- Improve diplomatic relations with other countries
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
- Analyses foreign intelligence
- Research/information on covert operations
Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
- Created after by G. W. Bush
- Coordinates internal security, immigration

16. People and Influences Influences
Congress – representatives of the public
Media – portrayal of issues; can strongly affect the publics opinion of situations
Public Opinion – support for foreign actions
International Politics (UN) – our relationship to other countries and the United Nations
Military-Industrial Complex – the relationship between businesses/industry and the military and how this may affect politics and our economy
Political Parties
Interest Groups